FY09 Annual Planning CABS - Library
... economic values of MMAs; b) reef ecosystem health indicators for monitoring; c) evidence increased resilience of MMAs; d) gene flow in fish populations ‘Science-to-Action’ initiatives launched to enhance management of MMAs by multiple stakeholders TEAM online data fully operational with near rea ...
... economic values of MMAs; b) reef ecosystem health indicators for monitoring; c) evidence increased resilience of MMAs; d) gene flow in fish populations ‘Science-to-Action’ initiatives launched to enhance management of MMAs by multiple stakeholders TEAM online data fully operational with near rea ...
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... It also shape the ways in which households and communities respond to climate impacts and risk (Deressa et al. 2009) and mediate between local adaptation efforts and the larger process of adaptation at higher scales (Agarwal and Perrin 2008). In particular, local groups and organizations are of fund ...
... It also shape the ways in which households and communities respond to climate impacts and risk (Deressa et al. 2009) and mediate between local adaptation efforts and the larger process of adaptation at higher scales (Agarwal and Perrin 2008). In particular, local groups and organizations are of fund ...
Impacts of climate change on temperature and evaporation from a
... Abstract: Determining evaporation rates is essential for efficient management of reservoirs and water resources, particularly in water-scarce countries such as Australia. Today, it is estimated that open water reservoirs in Australia lose around 40% of their total water storage capacity per year to ...
... Abstract: Determining evaporation rates is essential for efficient management of reservoirs and water resources, particularly in water-scarce countries such as Australia. Today, it is estimated that open water reservoirs in Australia lose around 40% of their total water storage capacity per year to ...
Uncertainty and Decision Making in Climate Change Economics
... Advances in the science of climate change detection and attribution over the past twenty years have made it clear beyond a reasonable doubt that human emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are largely responsible for the observed changes in global temperature during the twentieth century (Intergovern ...
... Advances in the science of climate change detection and attribution over the past twenty years have made it clear beyond a reasonable doubt that human emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are largely responsible for the observed changes in global temperature during the twentieth century (Intergovern ...
Economics ethics climate change (opens in new window)
... conditions, so climate change threatens the basic elements of life for people around the world – access to water, food, health, and the use of land and the environment. But impacts will be very uneven. Geographically and economically vulnerable regions – and groups within regions – will experience t ...
... conditions, so climate change threatens the basic elements of life for people around the world – access to water, food, health, and the use of land and the environment. But impacts will be very uneven. Geographically and economically vulnerable regions – and groups within regions – will experience t ...
The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning
... confirmed in Cancún, namely to recognize ‘the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius’ (2/cp.15, para 1; 1/cp.16, para 4). While Parties could not agree on a specific date at which global emissions have to peak, the Agreement states that such a peak ...
... confirmed in Cancún, namely to recognize ‘the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius’ (2/cp.15, para 1; 1/cp.16, para 4). While Parties could not agree on a specific date at which global emissions have to peak, the Agreement states that such a peak ...
Economics, ethics and climate change
... conditions, so climate change threatens the basic elements of life for people around the world – access to water, food, health, and the use of land and the environment. But impacts will be very uneven. Geographically and economically vulnerable regions – and groups within regions – will experience t ...
... conditions, so climate change threatens the basic elements of life for people around the world – access to water, food, health, and the use of land and the environment. But impacts will be very uneven. Geographically and economically vulnerable regions – and groups within regions – will experience t ...
Climate change and European forests: What do we
... adaptation. In this paper, recent developments in climate change observations and projections, observed and projected impacts on European forests and the associated uncertainties are reviewed and synthesised with a view to understanding the implications for forest management. Current impact assessme ...
... adaptation. In this paper, recent developments in climate change observations and projections, observed and projected impacts on European forests and the associated uncertainties are reviewed and synthesised with a view to understanding the implications for forest management. Current impact assessme ...
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
... fertilization. While the d13C of benthic foraminifera and the 18O of atmospheric oxygen could be used as indirect proxies to constrain carbon transfer between the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean during glacial cycles (Ciais et al., 2012), no direct proxy exists for the past amount of carbon stor ...
... fertilization. While the d13C of benthic foraminifera and the 18O of atmospheric oxygen could be used as indirect proxies to constrain carbon transfer between the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean during glacial cycles (Ciais et al., 2012), no direct proxy exists for the past amount of carbon stor ...
Harley b/l - CalCOFI.org
... oscillations such as El Niño Southern Oscillation events (Jones et al. 2001). These oscillations provide natural “experiments” that can serve as proxies for studying the impacts of long-term, nonoscillatory trends such as those predicted by anthropogenic warming scenarios (IPCC 2001). Long-term chan ...
... oscillations such as El Niño Southern Oscillation events (Jones et al. 2001). These oscillations provide natural “experiments” that can serve as proxies for studying the impacts of long-term, nonoscillatory trends such as those predicted by anthropogenic warming scenarios (IPCC 2001). Long-term chan ...
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
... fertilization. While the d13C of benthic foraminifera and the 18O of atmospheric oxygen could be used as indirect proxies to constrain carbon transfer between the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean during glacial cycles (Ciais et al., 2012), no direct proxy exists for the past amount of carbon stor ...
... fertilization. While the d13C of benthic foraminifera and the 18O of atmospheric oxygen could be used as indirect proxies to constrain carbon transfer between the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean during glacial cycles (Ciais et al., 2012), no direct proxy exists for the past amount of carbon stor ...
Climate Action Plan - City of Emeryville
... 2003, 2004 and 2005, along with 1998, were the warmest five years since the 1890s, with 2005 being the warmest year in over a century. ...
... 2003, 2004 and 2005, along with 1998, were the warmest five years since the 1890s, with 2005 being the warmest year in over a century. ...
Sea-level Change - Hong Kong Observatory
... (e.g. the Baltic), tectonic activities (e.g. Alaska and ...
... (e.g. the Baltic), tectonic activities (e.g. Alaska and ...
nota di lavoro - Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
... change has some traction in the policy debate, as witnessed by skeptics’ attention to certainty of scientific facts (e.g., certainty of the rising trend of the global mean surface temperature). Theoretical studies have shown that the answers to these questions are ambiguous. Therefore, an increasing ...
... change has some traction in the policy debate, as witnessed by skeptics’ attention to certainty of scientific facts (e.g., certainty of the rising trend of the global mean surface temperature). Theoretical studies have shown that the answers to these questions are ambiguous. Therefore, an increasing ...
Future Climate Projections around Turkey by Global Climate Models
... As a large-scale feature, future precipitation in this region will decrease throughout the year. It is noted that future precipitation will significantly decrease over the Mediterranean and the surrounding region including Middle East in winter. A positive phase of North Atlantic Oscillation-like pa ...
... As a large-scale feature, future precipitation in this region will decrease throughout the year. It is noted that future precipitation will significantly decrease over the Mediterranean and the surrounding region including Middle East in winter. A positive phase of North Atlantic Oscillation-like pa ...
Population, Wealth, and Climate Change
... growth and greenhouse gas emissions. A consideration of the likely important effect of the size and growth of the global population on other environmental problems, including for example soil erosion and desertification, is outside the scope of this review. We review the evidence that the main under ...
... growth and greenhouse gas emissions. A consideration of the likely important effect of the size and growth of the global population on other environmental problems, including for example soil erosion and desertification, is outside the scope of this review. We review the evidence that the main under ...
simulated hydrologic responses to climate variations and change in
... supply is derived from snowmelt runoff from mountainous watersheds that may be particularly susceptible to warming trends. In order to better understand the consequences, as they might emerge in California, this paper reports simulated watershed responses of three river basins in the Sierra Nevada t ...
... supply is derived from snowmelt runoff from mountainous watersheds that may be particularly susceptible to warming trends. In order to better understand the consequences, as they might emerge in California, this paper reports simulated watershed responses of three river basins in the Sierra Nevada t ...
Solar ultraviolet radiation in a changing climate
... Increasing concentrations of GHGs cause a radiative cooling in the stratosphere, and extremely cold polar stratospheric winters are responsible, in part, for the Antarctic and Arctic spring ozone depletions15,16. De-nitrification of the chlorine reservoir (chlorine nitrate, ClONO2) occurs on surface ...
... Increasing concentrations of GHGs cause a radiative cooling in the stratosphere, and extremely cold polar stratospheric winters are responsible, in part, for the Antarctic and Arctic spring ozone depletions15,16. De-nitrification of the chlorine reservoir (chlorine nitrate, ClONO2) occurs on surface ...
Effects of climate change on agriculture - Deltaproof
... The expected climate changes related to the temperature and the increase in de CO2 concentration are having a positive effect on crop production in Europe. These effects differ per crop and per agricultural system. Arable farming in the Netherlands is rather vulnerable with regard to the expected in ...
... The expected climate changes related to the temperature and the increase in de CO2 concentration are having a positive effect on crop production in Europe. These effects differ per crop and per agricultural system. Arable farming in the Netherlands is rather vulnerable with regard to the expected in ...
Climate Change and Invasive Alien Species
... hot days, hot nights and heat waves have become more frequent Snow and ice extent, including mountain glaciers and snow cover, have decreased, consistent with the warming pattern The area affected by drought has increased since the 1970s Precipitation has increased in eastern North and South America ...
... hot days, hot nights and heat waves have become more frequent Snow and ice extent, including mountain glaciers and snow cover, have decreased, consistent with the warming pattern The area affected by drought has increased since the 1970s Precipitation has increased in eastern North and South America ...
Global Warming: Forecasts by Scientists versus Scientific Forecasts
... prediction intervals (ranges outside which outcomes are unlikely to fall) expand rapidly as time horizons increase, so that one is faced with enormous intervals even when trying to forecast a straightforward thing such as automobile sales for General Motors over the next five years. • When there is ...
... prediction intervals (ranges outside which outcomes are unlikely to fall) expand rapidly as time horizons increase, so that one is faced with enormous intervals even when trying to forecast a straightforward thing such as automobile sales for General Motors over the next five years. • When there is ...
Poverty and Climate Change
... limiting greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. We also reaffirm that industrialized countries should take the lead in combating climate change and its adverse effects. We share a commitment to assisting and working with poor people, partner governments, civil societies, and the private sector in copin ...
... limiting greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. We also reaffirm that industrialized countries should take the lead in combating climate change and its adverse effects. We share a commitment to assisting and working with poor people, partner governments, civil societies, and the private sector in copin ...
S1 File.
... research suggests that American beech may decline throughout its range across the eastern United States, while American elm may increase within the northern extent of its range across the northern United States (35). Tree species migration is generally a slow process, occurring at a rate of <10 km p ...
... research suggests that American beech may decline throughout its range across the eastern United States, while American elm may increase within the northern extent of its range across the northern United States (35). Tree species migration is generally a slow process, occurring at a rate of <10 km p ...
The importance of the Montreal protocol in protecting climate
... • Emerging evidence of start of ozone layer recovery • Full recovery around 2050 • Polar regions 10-25 years later ...
... • Emerging evidence of start of ozone layer recovery • Full recovery around 2050 • Polar regions 10-25 years later ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""