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Bloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne Pathogens

... The log must be maintained in a way that ensures employee privacy and must contain, at a minimum: − Type and brand of device involved in the incident. − Location of the incident. − Description of the incident. ...
Parasitology Research
Parasitology Research

... serve as main intermediate hosts and become infected upon peroral ingestion of parasite eggs. Subsequently, an oncosphere is released, which migrates to the liver, and there develops into a metacestode that - upon production of protoscolices - reaches infectivity for definitive hosts within a few we ...
emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases
emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases

... climate can influence host defenses, vectors, pathogens, and habitats. There is a growing body of data that demonstrates the impact of weather on infectious disease. Ross River virus is a mosquito-borne disease found throughout Australia, and outbreaks are sensitive to excessive rainfall events. Mal ...
Primates and the Ecology of their Infectious Diseases
Primates and the Ecology of their Infectious Diseases

... Island, Panama, resulted from a combination of effects, including age, physical condition, and larval burden of the parasitized individual, which becomes critical when the population experiences dietary stress. She concluded that the lack of growth of this closed population over the past 20 years ap ...
Ch. 21-2
Ch. 21-2

... • When a pathogen enters your body for the first time, it often causes disease. • White blood cells called lymphocytes (LIM fuh syts) carry out most of the immune system’s functions. • If a pathogen that has previously attacked your body enters your body again your immune system will quickly recogni ...
infectious diseases
infectious diseases

... Causes of Infectious Diseases • Also known as communicable diseases, infectious diseases (in FEK shus) are caused by organisms or viruses that enter and multiply within the human body. • Microorganisms (my kroh AWR guh niz ums) are organisms that can be seen only through ...
Unit 4A: Purpose of Standard Precautions and when they are applied
Unit 4A: Purpose of Standard Precautions and when they are applied

...  Susceptible host is an individual who has impaired immune system response & is at risk for developing an infection.  The support of pathogen life & its reproduction depend on the degree of the host’s resistance.  A compromised host is someone who has a higher risk for getting an infection for on ...
Document
Document

... Mechanical transmission is a simple mechanism of pathogen transmission which, in itself, is considered to be the most important ‘‘indirect effect’’ of blood-sucking insects. This mode of transmission appears to occur through either contamination of mouthparts or regurgitation of digestive tract cont ...
Infection Prevention and Control
Infection Prevention and Control

... • Education during orientation, annually, and special programs • Personal protective equipment (PPE) • Free vaccinations • Policies/procedures in place for safe work practices • Documenting exposures on SREO • GHS Infection Prevention Manual available ...
Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease?
Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease?

... traditionally set by subjective assessment or arbitrarily chosen criteria. Originally defined in the context of epidemic fadeout, the CCS is now often used as a general term for all population thresholds for disease persistence. Demographic stochasticity: the variation evident in dynamics of small p ...
Johnson et al. 2010 nutrients and disease
Johnson et al. 2010 nutrients and disease

... in abundance whereas others decline or disappear. Nevertheless, available evidence indicates that ecological changes associated with nutrient enrichment often exacerbate infection and disease caused by generalist parasites with direct or simple life cycles. Observed mechanisms include changes in hos ...
Nov. 3 Darwinian Medicine
Nov. 3 Darwinian Medicine

... Applied biology that focuses on the proximate causation of human disease ...
Operation Directions Governing Management of Infectious
Operation Directions Governing Management of Infectious

... to positive specimens of patients of infectious diseases that have been laboratory confirmed to contain certain pathogens, their components or their secretions (such as blood, sputum, urine, etc.) 3. When the infectious biological materials are pathogens, they can be classified, by their pathogenici ...
The evolution of transmission mode
The evolution of transmission mode

... However, as with Toxoplasma, we know little about the strength of these different routes of transmission, and whether any of them involve unique genetic variants. At first sight, epidemiological tracing using genetic markers might seem a particularly useful approach to studying transmission mode, bu ...
Lesson 1 Infectious Diseases
Lesson 1 Infectious Diseases

... viruses that enter and multiply within the body. Viruses that can only be seen through a microscope are called microorganisms. Pathogens (Germs) – microorganisms and viruses that cause disease, make you sick. ...
Darwinian medicine - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Darwinian medicine - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

... Applied biology that focuses on the proximate causation of human disease ...
downloadable - Medical Research Council
downloadable - Medical Research Council

... particularly suitable to prevention through the development of new vaccines. Promoting the development and use of vaccines in humans and animals to save lives and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use was a specific recommendation of the recent O’Neill report on antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, the c ...
Health related water microbiology
Health related water microbiology

... High numbers excreted Infective dose can be very low – 1 virus particle High virulence ...
Control and prevention of emerging zoonoses
Control and prevention of emerging zoonoses

... problem leading to identification of problems in domestic or wild animal populations (i.e. Rift Valley fever, Q fever, chlamydiosis). New approaches: identification of a health problem in animals that could be associated with human disease (West Nile virus, USA, 1999). investigation of potential pat ...
Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk?
Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk?

... years ahead. This article presents an assessment of the increased risk for segments of the population from enteric pathogens which may be either water or food borne. A list of the major enteric viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites considered in this review are shown in Table 2. The microorganis ...
Disease in natural plant populations, communities, and ecosystems
Disease in natural plant populations, communities, and ecosystems

... that levels of anther-smut disease of Lychnis alpina are highest in plant populations that are more continuous in their distribution (36), presumably because of the greater likelihood of spore dispersal among populations. Over an archipelago of islands, anther-smut disease levels were often dependen ...
Moving beyond averages: Individual
Moving beyond averages: Individual

... E(·) for each of these parameters. An immediate problem with this approach is that R0 = E(χβD) 6= E(χ)E(β)E(D) if any correlations exist among χ, β and D, as can easily be imagined. For example, high viremia (due to low immunocompetence, say) may lead to increases in both the probability of infectio ...
Microbes_and_Society_files/Chapter six
Microbes_and_Society_files/Chapter six

... The damage from the breakdown by non-enveloped viruses can often be repaired, but enveloped viruses take a greater toll on the host cell. Why? As hundreds of viruses are released, the cell can’t keep up with repair of damage. The time that passes from virus attachment until release is called the bur ...
General Overview of the Causative Agents of Foodborne
General Overview of the Causative Agents of Foodborne

... Formation of surveillance networks between state and federal agencies such as the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and others, plus improvements in pathogen detection and traceback methodology have resulted in more accurate estimates of the prevalence of foodborne illness. Ho ...
Elucidating the phylodynamics of endemic rabies virus in eastern
Elucidating the phylodynamics of endemic rabies virus in eastern

... are poorly resolved and very few sequences are publically available. At present, little is known about the genetic diversity or structure of RABV in Tanzania other than coarse phylogenetic analyses of partial or full nucleoprotein gene (N gene) sequences, limited to well-studied regions (Kissi, Tord ...
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Cross-species transmission

Cross-species transmission (CST) is the phenomenon of transfer of viral infection from one species, usually a similar species, to another. Often seen in emerging viruses where one species transfers to another which in turn transfers to humans. Examples include HIV-AIDS, SARS, Ebola, Swine flu, rabies, and Bird flu.The exact mechanism that facilitates the transfer is unknown, however, it is believed that viruses with a rapid mutation rate are able to overcome host-specific immunological defenses. This can occur between species that have high contact rates. It can also occur between species with low contact rates but usually through an intermediary species. Bats, for example, are mammals and can directly transfer rabies to humans through bite and also through aerosolization of bat salvia and urine which are then absorbed by human mucous membranes in the nose, mouth and eyes.Similarity between species, for example, transfer between mammals, is believed to be facilitated by similar immunological defenses. Other factors include geographic area, intraspecies behaviours, and phylogenetic relatedness. Virus emergence relies on two factors: initial infection and sustained transmission.
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