Parasite Ecology and the Conservation Biology of Black Rhinoceros
... abundance will be greatest and may also reveal potential avenues for parasite control. On an individual level, younger individuals may have harboured higher levels of parasitism (p = 0.07). This result would be widely supported by the literature, but a larger host age range is needed to verify the r ...
... abundance will be greatest and may also reveal potential avenues for parasite control. On an individual level, younger individuals may have harboured higher levels of parasitism (p = 0.07). This result would be widely supported by the literature, but a larger host age range is needed to verify the r ...
The Evolution of Flea-borne Transmission in Yersinia pestis
... 200 species of wild rodents, have been found to be infected with Y. pestis in nature, or to be susceptible to experimental infection (Pollitzer, 1954). Accordingly, the ecology of plague is extremely complex, involving many different rodent-flea cycles. Different species of fleas vary greatly in their ...
... 200 species of wild rodents, have been found to be infected with Y. pestis in nature, or to be susceptible to experimental infection (Pollitzer, 1954). Accordingly, the ecology of plague is extremely complex, involving many different rodent-flea cycles. Different species of fleas vary greatly in their ...
Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) USP Imogam Rabies – HT
... with indigenous dogs.1,3 Thus, the likelihood of human exposure to a rabid domestic animal in the US has decreased greatly. However, during the same period, 12 cases of human rabies were attributed to variants of the rabies virus associated with dogs from outside the US.1,4,5 Therefore, internationa ...
... with indigenous dogs.1,3 Thus, the likelihood of human exposure to a rabid domestic animal in the US has decreased greatly. However, during the same period, 12 cases of human rabies were attributed to variants of the rabies virus associated with dogs from outside the US.1,4,5 Therefore, internationa ...
Tattooing and the risk of transmission of hepatitis C
... BIOSIS Previews (1969 to November 2008), Web of Science (1961 to November 2008), and Pubmed. There was no language restriction in selecting the studies. The initial search strategy was developed from the MeSH subject headings ‘hepatitis’ and ‘tattoo’ in MEDLINE. Titles were reviewed for relevance fr ...
... BIOSIS Previews (1969 to November 2008), Web of Science (1961 to November 2008), and Pubmed. There was no language restriction in selecting the studies. The initial search strategy was developed from the MeSH subject headings ‘hepatitis’ and ‘tattoo’ in MEDLINE. Titles were reviewed for relevance fr ...
SCHOENNING 2001 Hygienic aspects on the reuse of urine
... are probably coprostanol and structurally related faecal sterols (Vivian, 1986). These compounds are metabolites of cholesterol formed in the intestine and excreted in faeces. One advantage compared to bacterial analysis is that samples can be analysed after some time of storage. However, rather sop ...
... are probably coprostanol and structurally related faecal sterols (Vivian, 1986). These compounds are metabolites of cholesterol formed in the intestine and excreted in faeces. One advantage compared to bacterial analysis is that samples can be analysed after some time of storage. However, rather sop ...
Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus: Rates, Routes
... transmission, present substantial methodological challenges. The crudest but most generally applied method involves eliciting histories from people with the infection in question and inferring the routes of exposure on the basis of factors that they have in common, as compared with a group of people ...
... transmission, present substantial methodological challenges. The crudest but most generally applied method involves eliciting histories from people with the infection in question and inferring the routes of exposure on the basis of factors that they have in common, as compared with a group of people ...
Epidemiology of Pneumocystis infection in Human
... and it is concordant with an airborne transmission. In this sense, the first molecular evidence of P. jirovecii transmission from colonized immunocompetent grandparents to their infant granddaughter has been recently provided [37]. Pneumocystis primary infection has been presumed to be an asymptomat ...
... and it is concordant with an airborne transmission. In this sense, the first molecular evidence of P. jirovecii transmission from colonized immunocompetent grandparents to their infant granddaughter has been recently provided [37]. Pneumocystis primary infection has been presumed to be an asymptomat ...
Rabies encepha - Practical Neurology
... mammal vector species (see ‘Post-exposure treatment’, page 24), and the virus sometimes spills over to nonvector species such as humans. Strains of virus from different animals and geographical areas can be identified by genetic sequence analysis, or by antigenic typing using a panel of monoclonal a ...
... mammal vector species (see ‘Post-exposure treatment’, page 24), and the virus sometimes spills over to nonvector species such as humans. Strains of virus from different animals and geographical areas can be identified by genetic sequence analysis, or by antigenic typing using a panel of monoclonal a ...
- LSHTM Research Online
... negative controls. We investigated exposures which are recognized to be associated with norovirus-associated IID, or which may be involved in these transmission routes. A hierarchical conceptual framework [19] was used to investigate risk factors, separately, for norovirusassociated IID and asymptom ...
... negative controls. We investigated exposures which are recognized to be associated with norovirus-associated IID, or which may be involved in these transmission routes. A hierarchical conceptual framework [19] was used to investigate risk factors, separately, for norovirusassociated IID and asymptom ...
Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Rabies
... of the bite site), fever which at this time may be moderate and usually disappears as symptoms progress. This stage lasts a few hours to 36 hours. The animals then go into either furious or dumb rabies stages or may just drop dead 39. The furious stage is characterized by an increase in aggressivene ...
... of the bite site), fever which at this time may be moderate and usually disappears as symptoms progress. This stage lasts a few hours to 36 hours. The animals then go into either furious or dumb rabies stages or may just drop dead 39. The furious stage is characterized by an increase in aggressivene ...
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... inoculation, has also been recognized as an appropriate experimental model for studies involving the visual system [21–23]. A previous study demonstrated H7N3 virus replication in nasal, ocular, and rectal tissue following ocular inoculation in ferrets, but did not comprehensively examine the abilit ...
... inoculation, has also been recognized as an appropriate experimental model for studies involving the visual system [21–23]. A previous study demonstrated H7N3 virus replication in nasal, ocular, and rectal tissue following ocular inoculation in ferrets, but did not comprehensively examine the abilit ...
Modelling the impact of co-circulating low pathogenic avian
... competition (Ojosnegros et al., 2012), it is anticipated that immunemediated competition for susceptible hosts will favour infection with LPAI viruses over HPAI viruses because of their comparatively low virulence, longer associated infectious periods, and consequently greater population-level trans ...
... competition (Ojosnegros et al., 2012), it is anticipated that immunemediated competition for susceptible hosts will favour infection with LPAI viruses over HPAI viruses because of their comparatively low virulence, longer associated infectious periods, and consequently greater population-level trans ...
Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease in East African Shorthorn
... [1,2]. Genome-wide heterozygosity is correlated with inbreeding within a population [3] and heterozygosityfitness correlations have therefore been associated with inbreeding depression [4]. Inbreeding may be detrimental to fitness if: (i) fitness related traits are overdominant, such that the hetero ...
... [1,2]. Genome-wide heterozygosity is correlated with inbreeding within a population [3] and heterozygosityfitness correlations have therefore been associated with inbreeding depression [4]. Inbreeding may be detrimental to fitness if: (i) fitness related traits are overdominant, such that the hetero ...
Long Run Health Effects of the Neolithic Revolution: The Natural
... of variation within populations. With this idea in mind, we create a measure of genetic diversity that is based solely on gene variants found within a key component of the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In humans the MHC is referred to as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ...
... of variation within populations. With this idea in mind, we create a measure of genetic diversity that is based solely on gene variants found within a key component of the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In humans the MHC is referred to as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ...
Pathogen Genomics Into Practice
... Introduction Pathogen genomic methods offer two key advantages over existing microbiological methods for investigating infectious disease: ...
... Introduction Pathogen genomic methods offer two key advantages over existing microbiological methods for investigating infectious disease: ...
Questions and Answers about Rabies
... States, the amount of human contact with domestic animals greatly exceeds the amount of contact with wildlife. Your pets and other domestic animals can be infected when they are bitten by rabid wild animals. When "spillover" rabies occurs in domestic animals, the risk to humans is increased. Pets ar ...
... States, the amount of human contact with domestic animals greatly exceeds the amount of contact with wildlife. Your pets and other domestic animals can be infected when they are bitten by rabid wild animals. When "spillover" rabies occurs in domestic animals, the risk to humans is increased. Pets ar ...
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... Samples were grown at room temperature and fed Cerophyll medium inoculated with Raoultella planticola (see Boscaro et al., 2013a for details). Unfortunately the SH2 and BJ1 populations survived only a few weeks in laboratory conditions, but for P. multimicronucleatum population TP2 we were able to c ...
... Samples were grown at room temperature and fed Cerophyll medium inoculated with Raoultella planticola (see Boscaro et al., 2013a for details). Unfortunately the SH2 and BJ1 populations survived only a few weeks in laboratory conditions, but for P. multimicronucleatum population TP2 we were able to c ...
Rabies Virus and Other Lyssavirus (including Australian Bat
... saliva is extremely rare and has not been well documented. There have been rare reports of rabies virus transmission by transplantation of infected tissues/organs3, 4 and via inhalation of virus-laden aerosol in laboratory settings.5, 6 Aerosol transmission in humans has not been proven in the natur ...
... saliva is extremely rare and has not been well documented. There have been rare reports of rabies virus transmission by transplantation of infected tissues/organs3, 4 and via inhalation of virus-laden aerosol in laboratory settings.5, 6 Aerosol transmission in humans has not been proven in the natur ...
Viral Diseases in Zebrafish: What Is Known and Unknown
... of infectious disease confounded some research studies. To counter the deleterious effects of disease outbreaks, research investigations were initiated to identify mouse pathogens. Since that time, a large number of naturally occurring viruses and other pathogens of mice have been described, and dis ...
... of infectious disease confounded some research studies. To counter the deleterious effects of disease outbreaks, research investigations were initiated to identify mouse pathogens. Since that time, a large number of naturally occurring viruses and other pathogens of mice have been described, and dis ...
Abstract
... of infectious disease confounded some research studies. To counter the deleterious effects of disease outbreaks, research investigations were initiated to identify mouse pathogens. Since that time, a large number of naturally occurring viruses and other pathogens of mice have been described, and dis ...
... of infectious disease confounded some research studies. To counter the deleterious effects of disease outbreaks, research investigations were initiated to identify mouse pathogens. Since that time, a large number of naturally occurring viruses and other pathogens of mice have been described, and dis ...
MolecularCharacterization of theSurface Glycoproteins of Influenza B
... Influenza B viruses can cause severe respiratory disease and occasionally epidemic outbreaks. Vaccination is the mainstayof prevention and reduces disease impact. Vaccine efficacy is determined mainly by the degree of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen matching between the vaccine and circulating strains. ...
... Influenza B viruses can cause severe respiratory disease and occasionally epidemic outbreaks. Vaccination is the mainstayof prevention and reduces disease impact. Vaccine efficacy is determined mainly by the degree of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen matching between the vaccine and circulating strains. ...
Nonlinearities in plant RNA virus fitness
... Finally, plant RNA viruses often comprise multifunctional proteins. One of such is HCPro from viruses within the genus Potyvirus (Maia et al. 1996) that in addition to being self-cleaving proteinase (Carrington & Herndon 1992), is also involved in a number of infectious processes such as aphid tran ...
... Finally, plant RNA viruses often comprise multifunctional proteins. One of such is HCPro from viruses within the genus Potyvirus (Maia et al. 1996) that in addition to being self-cleaving proteinase (Carrington & Herndon 1992), is also involved in a number of infectious processes such as aphid tran ...
Zoonoses in Europe: a risk to public health
... since this is a common identifier that can serve as a starting point for prevention. The list of zoonoses in Appendix IV gives no clues to the emerging zoonoses most relevant to Europe because this would need prioritisation. We mention some criteria that could be used to prioritise; however, priorit ...
... since this is a common identifier that can serve as a starting point for prevention. The list of zoonoses in Appendix IV gives no clues to the emerging zoonoses most relevant to Europe because this would need prioritisation. We mention some criteria that could be used to prioritise; however, priorit ...
Primates import risk analysis - Ministry for Primary Industries
... Further, with the exception of Singapore, all the countries from which primates may be sourced in this analysis are outside the natural range of nonhuman primates. This fact essentially eliminates the likelihood that primates in a zoo collection could be infected through contact with wild primates. ...
... Further, with the exception of Singapore, all the countries from which primates may be sourced in this analysis are outside the natural range of nonhuman primates. This fact essentially eliminates the likelihood that primates in a zoo collection could be infected through contact with wild primates. ...
The chain of infection transmission in the home and everyday life
... of infection frequently involves a number of interdependent “component causes” which act together or independently to determine the overall risk. The interdependent roles of the hands and environmental sites and surfaces etc in the chain of infection transmission can be understood by mapping the pot ...
... of infection frequently involves a number of interdependent “component causes” which act together or independently to determine the overall risk. The interdependent roles of the hands and environmental sites and surfaces etc in the chain of infection transmission can be understood by mapping the pot ...