Quantifying non-cooperative climate engineering
... Given the strategic implications of climate engineering, it is useful to lay out a simple game theoretic model to help framing the problem, before moving to the calibrated numerical analysis. Several dynamic games have been proposed in the literature. Ricke et al. (2013) provide a numerical assessme ...
... Given the strategic implications of climate engineering, it is useful to lay out a simple game theoretic model to help framing the problem, before moving to the calibrated numerical analysis. Several dynamic games have been proposed in the literature. Ricke et al. (2013) provide a numerical assessme ...
climate change during create no-analogue communities and cause
... dispersal capacities [8]. The few models that have incorporated species interactions suggest that these interactions strongly alter species’ responses to climate change [9,10] depending on the sensitivity of individual species to environmental change and the specific pattern of species interactions ...
... dispersal capacities [8]. The few models that have incorporated species interactions suggest that these interactions strongly alter species’ responses to climate change [9,10] depending on the sensitivity of individual species to environmental change and the specific pattern of species interactions ...
PDF
... the skewness of yields. In an agricultural setting, downside risk is particularly relevant as it identifies the probability of crop failure. The analysis relies on a moment-based specification of the stochastic production function (Antle 1983; Antle and Goodger 1984; Chavas 2004). AS mentioned, this ...
... the skewness of yields. In an agricultural setting, downside risk is particularly relevant as it identifies the probability of crop failure. The analysis relies on a moment-based specification of the stochastic production function (Antle 1983; Antle and Goodger 1984; Chavas 2004). AS mentioned, this ...
A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes
... an important port city (New Orleans) causing long run disruption at local to regional scales, but also had social and economic implications at national to global scales (Grossi and Muir-Wood 2006; Hallegatte 2008; Wilbanks et al. 2007). However, despite the consequences of Hurricane Katrina and othe ...
... an important port city (New Orleans) causing long run disruption at local to regional scales, but also had social and economic implications at national to global scales (Grossi and Muir-Wood 2006; Hallegatte 2008; Wilbanks et al. 2007). However, despite the consequences of Hurricane Katrina and othe ...
A framework to assess returns on investments in the dryland
... discovered, towns are growing across both arid and semi-arid areas, and land speculation is increasing. The county governments are faced with the task of prioritising investments which can do the most to improve living standards for local people. This paper is intended to stimulate and contribute to ...
... discovered, towns are growing across both arid and semi-arid areas, and land speculation is increasing. The county governments are faced with the task of prioritising investments which can do the most to improve living standards for local people. This paper is intended to stimulate and contribute to ...
Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate
... of warming characterizes the first decade of the C21st , even though greenhouse gas concentrations have continued to increase. Confounding expectations of a monotonically warming globe, the average warming rate from 2000 to 2008 subsided by almost an order of magnitude, and temperatures in 2008 were ...
... of warming characterizes the first decade of the C21st , even though greenhouse gas concentrations have continued to increase. Confounding expectations of a monotonically warming globe, the average warming rate from 2000 to 2008 subsided by almost an order of magnitude, and temperatures in 2008 were ...
Full Press Release
... Other reefs, like those off the coast of Bahrain, in Chile and in French Polynesia, will be hit decades later, according to research recently published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports. “These predictions are a treasure trove for those who are fighting to protect one of the world’s most magn ...
... Other reefs, like those off the coast of Bahrain, in Chile and in French Polynesia, will be hit decades later, according to research recently published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports. “These predictions are a treasure trove for those who are fighting to protect one of the world’s most magn ...
UNCCD News issue 6.1
... Secretary of State John Kerry pointed out in February 2014: “In a sense, climate change can now be considered another weapon of mass destruction, perhaps the world’s most fearsome weapon of mass destruction.” Lester Brown, President of the Earth Policy Institute, takes a similar view. He puts climat ...
... Secretary of State John Kerry pointed out in February 2014: “In a sense, climate change can now be considered another weapon of mass destruction, perhaps the world’s most fearsome weapon of mass destruction.” Lester Brown, President of the Earth Policy Institute, takes a similar view. He puts climat ...
Climate Resilient Floodplains
... demand for products grown in the Stillaguamish. This could lead to more intensive farming in the lower watershed and increase the need for on-farm water storage for irrigation. When asked about more extreme precipitation and flooding, participants noted that a bigger concern would be if heavy rain e ...
... demand for products grown in the Stillaguamish. This could lead to more intensive farming in the lower watershed and increase the need for on-farm water storage for irrigation. When asked about more extreme precipitation and flooding, participants noted that a bigger concern would be if heavy rain e ...
Assessment of Health and Climate Preparedness (PDF)
... livestock, property, jobs, and infrastructure. For example, Steve Olson, executive director of the Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, noted significant losses to the turkey industry during the hot weather of July 2011.x He reported that one turkey barn site in southwest Minnesota lost 45,000 bird ...
... livestock, property, jobs, and infrastructure. For example, Steve Olson, executive director of the Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, noted significant losses to the turkey industry during the hot weather of July 2011.x He reported that one turkey barn site in southwest Minnesota lost 45,000 bird ...
Greenhouse warming by nitrous oxide and methane in the
... a maximum of 100 ppmv, while holding N2O and CO2 constant at their present concentrations, 0.3 and 320 ppmv, respectively. We used 320 ppmv of CO2 to remain consistent with Pavlov et al. (2003). Calculations were performed for two different solar luminosities: 83% and 94% of present. These two value ...
... a maximum of 100 ppmv, while holding N2O and CO2 constant at their present concentrations, 0.3 and 320 ppmv, respectively. We used 320 ppmv of CO2 to remain consistent with Pavlov et al. (2003). Calculations were performed for two different solar luminosities: 83% and 94% of present. These two value ...
Conserving Freshwater and Coastal Resources in a Changing Climate
... most likely, centuries. It is important for organizations, agencies, and individuals working on environmental conservation to understand the probable ecological and societal effects of climate change and to identify and implement appropriate policies to plan for and adapt to climate changes and depl ...
... most likely, centuries. It is important for organizations, agencies, and individuals working on environmental conservation to understand the probable ecological and societal effects of climate change and to identify and implement appropriate policies to plan for and adapt to climate changes and depl ...
Report
... Many opportunities exist for Gateway to incorporate climate change adaptation into long-term planning across its three park units at Sandy Hook, Staten Island and Jamaica Bay. This entails continuing to adopt an adaptive management approach in order to respond effectively to observed impacts and cha ...
... Many opportunities exist for Gateway to incorporate climate change adaptation into long-term planning across its three park units at Sandy Hook, Staten Island and Jamaica Bay. This entails continuing to adopt an adaptive management approach in order to respond effectively to observed impacts and cha ...
climate vulnerability assessment – islands of dhidhdhoo and
... their opportunity to overcome impacts from global climate change. The program will provide assistance to the Government of the Maldives (GOM), and island and atoll councils; the private sector; and residents of two islands in the northern part of the country that will be targeted with United States ...
... their opportunity to overcome impacts from global climate change. The program will provide assistance to the Government of the Maldives (GOM), and island and atoll councils; the private sector; and residents of two islands in the northern part of the country that will be targeted with United States ...
The Value of Linking Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of
... than mitigation. In practice, because adaptation requires reducing vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity, there is a significant amount of overlap with development methodologies (Huq and Reid 2007). Yet the divide between adaptation and mitigation has stalled effective action on adaptation. ...
... than mitigation. In practice, because adaptation requires reducing vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity, there is a significant amount of overlap with development methodologies (Huq and Reid 2007). Yet the divide between adaptation and mitigation has stalled effective action on adaptation. ...
Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in
... satellite-based global stratospheric water vapor distributions as discussed above were seasonally averaged above the tropopause for 1996–2000 and 2001.5–2005.5, respectively, to examine the climate impact of the water vapor decrease post-2000. The adjusted radiative forcing of climate from this chan ...
... satellite-based global stratospheric water vapor distributions as discussed above were seasonally averaged above the tropopause for 1996–2000 and 2001.5–2005.5, respectively, to examine the climate impact of the water vapor decrease post-2000. The adjusted radiative forcing of climate from this chan ...
PARCC Project Training Manual 2014 Protected Areas Resilient to Climate Change,
... Brown–decrease Green–no change ...
... Brown–decrease Green–no change ...
The representative concentration pathways: an overview
... needed as input for climate modeling and atmospheric chemistry modeling (emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants and land use). Moreover, they should make such information available in a geographically explicit way; 3) The RCPs should have harmonized base year assumptions for emissions and lan ...
... needed as input for climate modeling and atmospheric chemistry modeling (emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants and land use). Moreover, they should make such information available in a geographically explicit way; 3) The RCPs should have harmonized base year assumptions for emissions and lan ...
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
... temperature rose by 1.2°F in the same period. The rise in US temperatures in the coming century will likely be equal to or marginally higher than the global average, with a concentration of warming in the winter and in higher latitudes. Reducing emissions of carbon dioxide, even by over 80%, will ha ...
... temperature rose by 1.2°F in the same period. The rise in US temperatures in the coming century will likely be equal to or marginally higher than the global average, with a concentration of warming in the winter and in higher latitudes. Reducing emissions of carbon dioxide, even by over 80%, will ha ...
Ted Hamilton∗ - Vermont Journal of Environmental Law
... action intended to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Furthermore, this article divides the law of climate change into legal action that takes place at its “core” and at its “periphery.” The climate core is where global warming’s causes and effects are directly confronted, in the sense that the scienc ...
... action intended to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Furthermore, this article divides the law of climate change into legal action that takes place at its “core” and at its “periphery.” The climate core is where global warming’s causes and effects are directly confronted, in the sense that the scienc ...
Protection of the atmosphere
... international community’s present-day needs. It is acknowledged that both the human and natural environments can be adversely affected by certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere mainly caused by the introduction of harmful substances, causing transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, ...
... international community’s present-day needs. It is acknowledged that both the human and natural environments can be adversely affected by certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere mainly caused by the introduction of harmful substances, causing transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, ...
Annex II Risk profile outline
... review of the impacts of climate change on the dynamics and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (UNEP/AMAP, 2011). The Conference of the Parties (COP) decided to forward the outcome of the review to the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) to consider the possible implications of the interlink ...
... review of the impacts of climate change on the dynamics and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (UNEP/AMAP, 2011). The Conference of the Parties (COP) decided to forward the outcome of the review to the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) to consider the possible implications of the interlink ...
Environmental tipping points and food system dynamics: Main Report
... functional variables may vary, but essentially, they remain within “normal” bounds. A farmer can cope with year-to-year variability in yields in terms of a few percent, or a consumer with variability in prices of a similar magnitude. Resilient systems (see glossary) are those that are stable in the ...
... functional variables may vary, but essentially, they remain within “normal” bounds. A farmer can cope with year-to-year variability in yields in terms of a few percent, or a consumer with variability in prices of a similar magnitude. Resilient systems (see glossary) are those that are stable in the ...
Scientific opinion on climate change
The scientific opinion on climate change is the overall judgment amongst scientists about whether global warming is happening, and if so, its causes and probable consequences. This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Individual scientists, universities, and laboratories contribute to the overall scientific opinion via their peer-reviewed publications, and the areas of collective agreement and relative certainty are summarised in these high level reports and surveys.The scientific consensus is that the Earth's climate system is unequivocally warming, and that it is extremely likely (at least 95% probability) that humans are causing most of it through activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels. In addition, it is likely that some potential further greenhouse gas warming has been offset by increased aerosols.National and international science academies and scientific societies have assessed current scientific opinion on global warming. These assessments are generally consistent with the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report summarized:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.Benefits and costs of climate change for [human] society will vary widely by location and scale. Some of the effects in temperate and polar regions will be positive and others elsewhere will be negative. Overall, net effects are more likely to be strongly negative with larger or more rapid warming.The range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time.The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change, associated disturbances (e.g. flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification) and other global change drivers (e.g. land-use change, pollution, fragmentation of natural systems, over-exploitation of resources).Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments and science can play a role in informing an effective response to climate change, however, policy decisions may require value judgements and so are not included in the scientific opinion.No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from any of these main points. The last national or international scientific body to drop dissent was the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, which in 2007 updated its statement to its current non-committal position. Some other organizations, primarily those focusing on geology, also hold non-committal positions.