Codes? Languages?
... 1. Increase the population of mollusks using the growth model described in Section 3.1; 2. Compute the transition between population compartments of humans using the set of equations (3b) defined in Section 3.2; 3. Compute the transition between population compartments of humans using the set of equ ...
... 1. Increase the population of mollusks using the growth model described in Section 3.1; 2. Compute the transition between population compartments of humans using the set of equations (3b) defined in Section 3.2; 3. Compute the transition between population compartments of humans using the set of equ ...
PDF
... cases) + sometimes laminitis, Kicking at the belly and Scouring (usually a light colored smelly faeces) Death can occur in 12-72 hours unless treated. Acidosis is caused by too much grain being eaten too quickly. This causes a build up of lactic acid in the rumen. Introduction to new rations (grain) ...
... cases) + sometimes laminitis, Kicking at the belly and Scouring (usually a light colored smelly faeces) Death can occur in 12-72 hours unless treated. Acidosis is caused by too much grain being eaten too quickly. This causes a build up of lactic acid in the rumen. Introduction to new rations (grain) ...
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): A Report
... Incentive rewards were offered in 1991 to any health worker or individual reporting a case of Dracunculiasis in a village Pakistan has been free from Dracunculiasis since 1994 ...
... Incentive rewards were offered in 1991 to any health worker or individual reporting a case of Dracunculiasis in a village Pakistan has been free from Dracunculiasis since 1994 ...
Slide 1
... analgesic because Morphine can cause spasms. Cholestyramine (Questran) is used for severe cases of pruritus: Binds the bile salts to hasten excretion through the feces. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and urodoxycholic acid (UDCA) are oral dissolution medications ...
... analgesic because Morphine can cause spasms. Cholestyramine (Questran) is used for severe cases of pruritus: Binds the bile salts to hasten excretion through the feces. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and urodoxycholic acid (UDCA) are oral dissolution medications ...
Infectious Diseases of the GI Tract
... Giardiasis is a protozoal intestinal infection, caused by Giardia duodenalis. This flagellated protozoan inhabits the lumen of the small intestine where it produces microscopic lesions on villi. Transmission takes place when cysts are passed in faeces and ingested. Contaminated food and water are fre ...
... Giardiasis is a protozoal intestinal infection, caused by Giardia duodenalis. This flagellated protozoan inhabits the lumen of the small intestine where it produces microscopic lesions on villi. Transmission takes place when cysts are passed in faeces and ingested. Contaminated food and water are fre ...
13031
... How does it spread from animal to animal? • Feeding cattle animal bi-products such as meat-n-bone mill that has an infected prion causes the infection in the cattle • The prions are concentrated in the brain, and spinal cord of these animals • There is no evidence that it is concentrated in the mus ...
... How does it spread from animal to animal? • Feeding cattle animal bi-products such as meat-n-bone mill that has an infected prion causes the infection in the cattle • The prions are concentrated in the brain, and spinal cord of these animals • There is no evidence that it is concentrated in the mus ...
Hepatitis B
... carriers, it can be detected as early as 1-2 weeks and as late as 1112 weeks. Presence of HBsAg indicates that a person is infectious (acute or chronic). Anti-HBc (core antibody) develops in all HBV infections, indicates infection at some undefined time in the past, persists for life, not a serologi ...
... carriers, it can be detected as early as 1-2 weeks and as late as 1112 weeks. Presence of HBsAg indicates that a person is infectious (acute or chronic). Anti-HBc (core antibody) develops in all HBV infections, indicates infection at some undefined time in the past, persists for life, not a serologi ...
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
... Have a veterinarian examine all new additions to an established herd and obtain a health certificate indicating that they were disease-free at purchase. ...
... Have a veterinarian examine all new additions to an established herd and obtain a health certificate indicating that they were disease-free at purchase. ...
Diseases Communicable From Animals to Humans
... Humans usually are not susceptible to infectious diseases suffered by animals. However, there are some important exceptions. Infections of animals may, on some occasions, produce significant disease in people. These infections are called zoonotic diseases. They are communicated from animals to human ...
... Humans usually are not susceptible to infectious diseases suffered by animals. However, there are some important exceptions. Infections of animals may, on some occasions, produce significant disease in people. These infections are called zoonotic diseases. They are communicated from animals to human ...
Fungal Diseases
... omelets, mildew, and some devastating crop diseases; their ability to cause human disease is relatively small. Of approximately 100,000 known species of fungi, only a few hundred are human pathogens. Of these, only a handful are significant enough to be included in medical texts and introductory cou ...
... omelets, mildew, and some devastating crop diseases; their ability to cause human disease is relatively small. Of approximately 100,000 known species of fungi, only a few hundred are human pathogens. Of these, only a handful are significant enough to be included in medical texts and introductory cou ...
Reproductive Diseases in Cattle
... ISEASES OF the reproductive organs in cattle usually develop so gradually that they go unrecognized until the disease is well established in the herd. Infected animals usually are not dying; in most cases, especially in males, they do not even appear ill. Some animals never show symptoms of the dise ...
... ISEASES OF the reproductive organs in cattle usually develop so gradually that they go unrecognized until the disease is well established in the herd. Infected animals usually are not dying; in most cases, especially in males, they do not even appear ill. Some animals never show symptoms of the dise ...
B. pseudomallei
... distant sites such as the lungs, liver and spleen. The lungs are the most commonly affected organ in adults, where there can be a localized or disseminated pulmonary infection, abscess formation or empyema. Chronic lung disease can also occur and can be difficult to distinguish from pulmonary tuberc ...
... distant sites such as the lungs, liver and spleen. The lungs are the most commonly affected organ in adults, where there can be a localized or disseminated pulmonary infection, abscess formation or empyema. Chronic lung disease can also occur and can be difficult to distinguish from pulmonary tuberc ...
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - SVIMS
... pandemic, if proper international policies were not implemented in this export and import business. Before establishment of disease in 1986 it was estimated that more than 80,000 cattle already entered the human food chain. Even though MCD is not a public health problem as of now in India, as the in ...
... pandemic, if proper international policies were not implemented in this export and import business. Before establishment of disease in 1986 it was estimated that more than 80,000 cattle already entered the human food chain. Even though MCD is not a public health problem as of now in India, as the in ...
Judgment
... 9 – Foot abscess of sheep . It's infectious disease of sheep caused ovine interdigital dermatitis called ( Scald ) . Causative agent . Sphaerophorus nodosus with Corynebacterium pyogenes or E.coli Judgment . Condemnation of all infected parts and use for human consumption . But in case have toxaemia ...
... 9 – Foot abscess of sheep . It's infectious disease of sheep caused ovine interdigital dermatitis called ( Scald ) . Causative agent . Sphaerophorus nodosus with Corynebacterium pyogenes or E.coli Judgment . Condemnation of all infected parts and use for human consumption . But in case have toxaemia ...
Insights from Economic-Epidemiology
... infections is < 0.5% after an intensive ‘‘search-and-destroy’’ campaign, compared with 50% in some areas In Siouxland (Iowa, Nebraska, S. Dakota), an epidemic of VRE was reversed Regionally coordinated response to epidemic Does this explain higher prevalence of ARB in areas with high concentration o ...
... infections is < 0.5% after an intensive ‘‘search-and-destroy’’ campaign, compared with 50% in some areas In Siouxland (Iowa, Nebraska, S. Dakota), an epidemic of VRE was reversed Regionally coordinated response to epidemic Does this explain higher prevalence of ARB in areas with high concentration o ...
Infection Control Programme
... control programme. It is apparent from the available evidence that African countries have not had effective and efficient infection control programmes able to deal with the continuing epidemic and pandemic outbreaks the regions countries experience. ...
... control programme. It is apparent from the available evidence that African countries have not had effective and efficient infection control programmes able to deal with the continuing epidemic and pandemic outbreaks the regions countries experience. ...
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
... virus reservoirs and shedders of infection. IBR infection is spread primarily by airborne or contact transmission. Other methods of spread are coital, infectious pustular vaginitis, in utero, and congenital by passage of the newborn through the infected vagina at the time of calving. The method of t ...
... virus reservoirs and shedders of infection. IBR infection is spread primarily by airborne or contact transmission. Other methods of spread are coital, infectious pustular vaginitis, in utero, and congenital by passage of the newborn through the infected vagina at the time of calving. The method of t ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.