Significant diseases in beef cattle
... (increases the risk of exposure to different infectious agents that cause respiratory disease) • Where there is overcrowding and/or poor ventilation (increases the risk of infection) • Where cattle have been subjected to one or more “stress” factors immediately before housing such as weaning, castra ...
... (increases the risk of exposure to different infectious agents that cause respiratory disease) • Where there is overcrowding and/or poor ventilation (increases the risk of infection) • Where cattle have been subjected to one or more “stress” factors immediately before housing such as weaning, castra ...
Cryptosporidiosis - The Center for Food Security and Public Health
... In humans, cryptosporidiosis is characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea with cramping, abdominal pains, nausea, anorexia, flatulence and malaise. Some individuals may also experience vomiting, weight loss, fever or myalgia. The disease is usually self–limiting in healthy people but may be chronic, ...
... In humans, cryptosporidiosis is characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea with cramping, abdominal pains, nausea, anorexia, flatulence and malaise. Some individuals may also experience vomiting, weight loss, fever or myalgia. The disease is usually self–limiting in healthy people but may be chronic, ...
G/TBT/N/CAN/211 Page 1 World Trade Organization G/TBT/N/CAN
... Description of content: This notification announces the availability of a letter that provides an opportunity to comment on the proposed addition of two medicinal ingredients to Part I of Schedule F to the Food and Drug Regulations. Description of the medicinal ingredients: 1. Micafungin and its sal ...
... Description of content: This notification announces the availability of a letter that provides an opportunity to comment on the proposed addition of two medicinal ingredients to Part I of Schedule F to the Food and Drug Regulations. Description of the medicinal ingredients: 1. Micafungin and its sal ...
Core Curriculum Slides
... Monitoring Response to Treatment • Monitor patients bacteriologically monthly until cultures convert to negative • After 3 months of therapy, if cultures are positive or symptoms do not resolve, reevaluate for - Potential drug-resistant disease - Nonadherence to drug regimen • If cultures do not co ...
... Monitoring Response to Treatment • Monitor patients bacteriologically monthly until cultures convert to negative • After 3 months of therapy, if cultures are positive or symptoms do not resolve, reevaluate for - Potential drug-resistant disease - Nonadherence to drug regimen • If cultures do not co ...
Core Curriculum Slides
... Monitoring Response to Treatment • Monitor patients bacteriologically monthly until cultures convert to negative • After 3 months of therapy, if cultures are positive or symptoms do not resolve, reevaluate for - Potential drug-resistant disease - Nonadherence to drug regimen • If cultures do not co ...
... Monitoring Response to Treatment • Monitor patients bacteriologically monthly until cultures convert to negative • After 3 months of therapy, if cultures are positive or symptoms do not resolve, reevaluate for - Potential drug-resistant disease - Nonadherence to drug regimen • If cultures do not co ...
cryptosporidiosis-in-young-calves
... the ingestion of the infectious stage of the parasite (oocysts) passed in the faeces of infected animals oocysts may be present in faecal matter in the calf’s environment and may be transmitted by utensils or dirty protective clothing. Older calves that have recovered can be a significant source of ...
... the ingestion of the infectious stage of the parasite (oocysts) passed in the faeces of infected animals oocysts may be present in faecal matter in the calf’s environment and may be transmitted by utensils or dirty protective clothing. Older calves that have recovered can be a significant source of ...
Standards for Infection Control - College of Occupational Therapists
... therapists in the healthcare setting. Infection control measures are based on how an infectious agent is transmitted and include standard and additional precautions. Standard Precautions Also called routine precautions, these activities are to be used with all clients at all times. As a minimum, the ...
... therapists in the healthcare setting. Infection control measures are based on how an infectious agent is transmitted and include standard and additional precautions. Standard Precautions Also called routine precautions, these activities are to be used with all clients at all times. As a minimum, the ...
Increasing the collaboration between human and animal medicine
... Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases of Sapienza University of Rome, addressed specifically the topic of integration of human and animal medicine. Most of the contributions to this issue of the Italian Journal of Public Health originate from the presentations made at this Conference. ...
... Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases of Sapienza University of Rome, addressed specifically the topic of integration of human and animal medicine. Most of the contributions to this issue of the Italian Journal of Public Health originate from the presentations made at this Conference. ...
malignant catarrhal fever - European Association of Zoo and Wildlife
... calves estimated to be 1 week of age or less. Transmission of AlHV-1 from wildebeest to other susceptible species occurs primarily by inhalation of aerosol droplets or ingestion of food or forage contaminated with AlHV-1 in nasal and ocular secretions. Transmission of OvHV-2 among sheep is still con ...
... calves estimated to be 1 week of age or less. Transmission of AlHV-1 from wildebeest to other susceptible species occurs primarily by inhalation of aerosol droplets or ingestion of food or forage contaminated with AlHV-1 in nasal and ocular secretions. Transmission of OvHV-2 among sheep is still con ...
Unusual case of exacerbation of sub
... The most dreaded and probably lethal form of mediastinitis is the diffuse necrotizing variety that occurs as a complication of infection of the oropharynx. The best term of such mediastinitis is DNM; descending because the infection uses fascial planes in the neck to gain access to the mediastinum, ...
... The most dreaded and probably lethal form of mediastinitis is the diffuse necrotizing variety that occurs as a complication of infection of the oropharynx. The best term of such mediastinitis is DNM; descending because the infection uses fascial planes in the neck to gain access to the mediastinum, ...
Respiratory disease in sheep 1. Differential diagnosis and
... ewe and yearling faeces or overwintering third-stage larvae on the pasture provide a source of infective Dictyocaulus species larvae. During the grazing season, at least three generations of parasites can be present, with adult worms developing four weeks after infection. Most lambs are infected in ...
... ewe and yearling faeces or overwintering third-stage larvae on the pasture provide a source of infective Dictyocaulus species larvae. During the grazing season, at least three generations of parasites can be present, with adult worms developing four weeks after infection. Most lambs are infected in ...
WF05 Fungi and Disease
... 1860 a staggering 1 million people died as a direct consequence of the famine, and over 2 million emigrated (many to the USA). So what can we learn from this tragic incident? ...
... 1860 a staggering 1 million people died as a direct consequence of the famine, and over 2 million emigrated (many to the USA). So what can we learn from this tragic incident? ...
Occupational Health for Personnel Handling Laboratory Animals
... The best method to minimize the potential for the development of allergies is to minimize exposure to the allergens. Animal facilities have relatively high air flow requirements, which reduce the concentration of allergens in the air by dilution. The control of the relative humidity to 40-70% also r ...
... The best method to minimize the potential for the development of allergies is to minimize exposure to the allergens. Animal facilities have relatively high air flow requirements, which reduce the concentration of allergens in the air by dilution. The control of the relative humidity to 40-70% also r ...
Brucellosis
... Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, where approximately 100 cases occur each year. Brucellosis can be very common in countries where animal disease control programs have not reduced the amount of disease among animals. Although brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common i ...
... Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, where approximately 100 cases occur each year. Brucellosis can be very common in countries where animal disease control programs have not reduced the amount of disease among animals. Although brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common i ...
Hepatitis Virus
... detection of antibodies to HBeAg and HBsAg is obscured because the antibody is complexed with antigen in the serum. The best way to diagnose a recent acute infection, especially during the period when neither HBsAg nor anti-HBs can be detected, is to measure IgM anti-HBc. ...
... detection of antibodies to HBeAg and HBsAg is obscured because the antibody is complexed with antigen in the serum. The best way to diagnose a recent acute infection, especially during the period when neither HBsAg nor anti-HBs can be detected, is to measure IgM anti-HBc. ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.