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Basic Properties of the Stars
Basic Properties of the Stars

TOOLS IN ASTRONOMY SPECTROSCOPY
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The Celestial Sphere
The Celestial Sphere

... First Point of Aries (Υ) The point on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic cuts the equinoctial when the sun just passes the equinoctial from south to north, also known as the vernal equinox position of the sun, which occurs on 21st of March. First Point of Libra The point on the celestial sph ...
proper motion
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... The Sun-centered model of the solar system laid out by Copernicus in De Revolutionibus (1543) made a very specific prediction: that the nearby stars should exhibit parallax shifts with respect to the distant background of stars. Tycho Brahe improved positional measures from +/- 10 arc minutes to as ...
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... those that have finished fusing H to He in their cores are no longer on the main sequence. •  All stars become larger and redder after exhausting their core hydrogen: giants and supergiants. •  Most stars end up small and white after fusion has ceased: white dwarfs. ...
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Nucleosynthesis and Stellar Evolution

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... Sun) is Sirius. It is 2.6 pc from Earth. How long does it take light from Sirius to reach us? ...
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... whole number) for an amount greater than or (X a decimal number) for an amount less than the AM of the Sun. ...
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... In the center we have the sun, our closest star. There are so far 9 known planets, of which the 5 inner have been known since ancient times, Uranus was discovered in the 18th and Neptune in the 19th century, Pluto as late as 1930. The gravitational disturbances on the orbits of thus far known planet ...
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... In most other introductory astronomy textbooks, binary stars are covered in a piecemeal fashion in several different chapters. There are several reasons why I decided to cover binary stars in a single coherent chapter. First, most stars are in binary or multiple systems, so it isn’t reasonable to tr ...
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... Abstract. DG Tau is a classical T Tauri star showing an unusual X-ray spectrum, best described by two thermal components with different absorption columns. The soft X-rays are less absorbed than the hard X-rays, presumably coronal, component. This rules out stellar accretion as the origin of the sof ...
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... million miles (1 AU) from Earth. • It is estimated to reach about 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees ...
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... established rate of proper motion of 10.37 arcseconds per year. And, the velocity in arcseconds per year times the distance in parsecs gives the velocity in astronomical units (au) per year. Using our derived numbers we get that the projected velocity is 19.3 au/yr. A natural question to ask is: why ...
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... spin (i.e., anti-parallel). The energy state of an electron spinning anti-parallel is slightly lower than the energy state of a parallel-spin electron. Remember that the atom always wants to be in the lowest energy state possible, so the electron will eventually flip to the antiparallel spin directi ...
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Dyson sphere

A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and hence captures most or all of its power output. It was first described by Olaf Stapledon in his science fiction novel, ""Star Maker"". The concept was later popularly adopted by Freeman Dyson. Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the long-term survival and escalating energy needs of a technological civilization, and proposed that searching for evidence of the existence of such structures might lead to the detection of advanced intelligent extraterrestrial life. Different types of Dyson spheres correlate with information on the Kardashev scale.Since then, other variant designs involving building an artificial structure or series of structures to encompass a star have been proposed in exploratory engineering or described in science fiction under the name ""Dyson sphere"". These later proposals have not been limited to solar-power stations. Many involve habitation or industrial elements. Most fictional depictions describe a solid shell of matter enclosing a star, which is considered the least plausible variant of the idea (see below). In May 2013, at the Starship Century Symposium in San Diego, Dyson repeated his comments that he wished the concept had not been named after him.
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