The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens
... prototypical drugs: 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenethylamine (mescaline, Fig. 1A), N,N-dimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine (psilocybin, Fig. 1B) and LSD (Fig. 1C). All of these drugs function as agonists at 5-HT2A receptors, and much work has culminated in the widespread acceptance that this particular recept ...
... prototypical drugs: 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenethylamine (mescaline, Fig. 1A), N,N-dimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine (psilocybin, Fig. 1B) and LSD (Fig. 1C). All of these drugs function as agonists at 5-HT2A receptors, and much work has culminated in the widespread acceptance that this particular recept ...
AK_NEDMDG_2010_Final - New England Drug Metabolism
... and less frequent dosing thus promoting better patient compliance. Better congruence between dose and plasma concentration, thus reducing or even eliminating the need for expensive therapeutic monitoring. Reduction in metabolic turnover rates from different species which, in turn, may permit bet ...
... and less frequent dosing thus promoting better patient compliance. Better congruence between dose and plasma concentration, thus reducing or even eliminating the need for expensive therapeutic monitoring. Reduction in metabolic turnover rates from different species which, in turn, may permit bet ...
Morphine
... 3- Co-analgesics or adjuvants : are drugs that have a primary indication other than pain but are analgesic in some conditions. For example, antidepressants and anticonvulsants also act to reduce nociceptive processing in neuropathic pain. ...
... 3- Co-analgesics or adjuvants : are drugs that have a primary indication other than pain but are analgesic in some conditions. For example, antidepressants and anticonvulsants also act to reduce nociceptive processing in neuropathic pain. ...
Terms and symbols - Guide to Pharmacology
... romolecules but are made up of multiple subunits. Finally, there are new recommendations regarding nomenclature for equilibrium constants. II. Working Definition of a Receptor A cellular macromolecule, or an assembly of macromolecules, that is concerned directly and specifically in chemical signalin ...
... romolecules but are made up of multiple subunits. Finally, there are new recommendations regarding nomenclature for equilibrium constants. II. Working Definition of a Receptor A cellular macromolecule, or an assembly of macromolecules, that is concerned directly and specifically in chemical signalin ...
Cholinergics and Anticholinergics
... the ANS are antagonistic to each other • When acetylcholine acts on body cells that respond to parasympathetic stimulation, it interacts with two types of cholinergic receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic ...
... the ANS are antagonistic to each other • When acetylcholine acts on body cells that respond to parasympathetic stimulation, it interacts with two types of cholinergic receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic ...
Pharm Chapter 10 [4-20
... The pregangs use ACh to activate nicotinic receptors, leading to depolarization and postsynaptic potential in postgang neurons o Ganglionic blockers like hexamethonium and mecamylamine block the ganglionic nicotinic ACh receptor, without effecting skeletal muscle o The symp postgangs then synapse ...
... The pregangs use ACh to activate nicotinic receptors, leading to depolarization and postsynaptic potential in postgang neurons o Ganglionic blockers like hexamethonium and mecamylamine block the ganglionic nicotinic ACh receptor, without effecting skeletal muscle o The symp postgangs then synapse ...
electrical signals control the cardiac activity
... through the AV node, and shorten phase II (the plateau) of the cardiac action potential. This action at the atrioventricular node helps to block reentry mechanisms, which can cause supraventricular tachycardia. ...
... through the AV node, and shorten phase II (the plateau) of the cardiac action potential. This action at the atrioventricular node helps to block reentry mechanisms, which can cause supraventricular tachycardia. ...
Opioid Agonist
... It can be taken from opium or synthesized by methylation of morphine. Codeine has a low affinity for the µ and k opioid receptors, 1/20 of the analgesic activity of morphine. It has a high oral/ parenteral potency ratio so when given orally , it is 60% as potent as when injected IM. It is useful as ...
... It can be taken from opium or synthesized by methylation of morphine. Codeine has a low affinity for the µ and k opioid receptors, 1/20 of the analgesic activity of morphine. It has a high oral/ parenteral potency ratio so when given orally , it is 60% as potent as when injected IM. It is useful as ...
dagga - SANCA Bloemfontein
... bloodstream. The THC is absorbed by most tissues and organs in the body, especially the fat cells and organs like the brain. The “high” reaches a peak in approximately 10 – 30 minutes and will last for 2 to 8 hours, depending on the amount of dagga used. It takes a week to a month for all the chemic ...
... bloodstream. The THC is absorbed by most tissues and organs in the body, especially the fat cells and organs like the brain. The “high” reaches a peak in approximately 10 – 30 minutes and will last for 2 to 8 hours, depending on the amount of dagga used. It takes a week to a month for all the chemic ...
ANXIOLYTICS AND HYPNOTICS
... decrease neuronal excitability via agonist effect at the GABAA receptor. b. Classification: by duration of action as short-acting (e.g., triazolam), intermediate-acting (e.g., temazepam) and long-acting (flurazepam). ...
... decrease neuronal excitability via agonist effect at the GABAA receptor. b. Classification: by duration of action as short-acting (e.g., triazolam), intermediate-acting (e.g., temazepam) and long-acting (flurazepam). ...
Activella
... inducing gene products that blunt cellular responses to estrogen. Progestins exert their effects in target cells by binding to specific progesterone receptors that interact with progesterone response elements in target genes. Progesterone receptors have been identified in the female reproductive tra ...
... inducing gene products that blunt cellular responses to estrogen. Progestins exert their effects in target cells by binding to specific progesterone receptors that interact with progesterone response elements in target genes. Progesterone receptors have been identified in the female reproductive tra ...
曹永孝
... Beta-receptor antagonists such as propranolol inhibit lipolysis. The effects on carbohydrate metabolism are less clear, but they should be used with caution in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. The chronic use of β-adrenoceptor antagonists has been associated with increased plasma VLDL and decrea ...
... Beta-receptor antagonists such as propranolol inhibit lipolysis. The effects on carbohydrate metabolism are less clear, but they should be used with caution in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. The chronic use of β-adrenoceptor antagonists has been associated with increased plasma VLDL and decrea ...
Pharmacology tutoring for antianxiety agents
... b. They produce nonspecific antianxiety effects c. They are safe in overdose when taken alone d. They have relatively low abuse potential a. ...
... b. They produce nonspecific antianxiety effects c. They are safe in overdose when taken alone d. They have relatively low abuse potential a. ...
Pharmacology II - 3-14
... Stacie is terrified of dogs. Whenever she sees one, her heart immediately begins racing and she starts breathing faster. Recently, she has become so scared of encountering a dog that she tends to avoid going out. Which of the following best describes how the entirety of her symptoms would be ...
... Stacie is terrified of dogs. Whenever she sees one, her heart immediately begins racing and she starts breathing faster. Recently, she has become so scared of encountering a dog that she tends to avoid going out. Which of the following best describes how the entirety of her symptoms would be ...
anxiolytics & hypnotics
... Amnestic effects have been reported with use of doses greater than recommended. It has a rapid onset of action, and its duration of hypnotic action is close to that of triazolam. minor effects on sleep patterns at the recommended hypnotic dose but can suppress REM sleep at higher doses. It may caus ...
... Amnestic effects have been reported with use of doses greater than recommended. It has a rapid onset of action, and its duration of hypnotic action is close to that of triazolam. minor effects on sleep patterns at the recommended hypnotic dose but can suppress REM sleep at higher doses. It may caus ...
Adrenoceptor Antagonists
... block of β2 receptors. In bronchial asthma it is preferable to use selective β1 receptor blockers if they are needed for other conditions. C. Effects on the eye: Reduce intraocular pressure (useful for glaucoma) due to reduction in aqueous ...
... block of β2 receptors. In bronchial asthma it is preferable to use selective β1 receptor blockers if they are needed for other conditions. C. Effects on the eye: Reduce intraocular pressure (useful for glaucoma) due to reduction in aqueous ...
Inter and Intraspecificity of Chemical Communication
... predators, sending signals to the same or different species for mating or aggregation, etc. The sophistication of this communication system is particularly high in those social insects and mammals that live as interacting groups of individuals in colonies or societies. In fact, the diversity of beha ...
... predators, sending signals to the same or different species for mating or aggregation, etc. The sophistication of this communication system is particularly high in those social insects and mammals that live as interacting groups of individuals in colonies or societies. In fact, the diversity of beha ...
Biology 30 Detail Objectives
... 1. humans and other organisms have complex reproductive systems to ensure the survival of the species 2. reproductive success is regulated by chemical control systems 3. cell differentiation and organism development are regulated by a combination of genetics and environmental influence Unit 3: Cells ...
... 1. humans and other organisms have complex reproductive systems to ensure the survival of the species 2. reproductive success is regulated by chemical control systems 3. cell differentiation and organism development are regulated by a combination of genetics and environmental influence Unit 3: Cells ...
Organophosphates
... of insecticidal activity [inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)], so much of the toxicology overlaps. We understand not only the mechanism by which OPs act, but the structural considerations that affect the initial inhibition of AChE, regeneration of the enzyme, and aging of the OP-enzyme comple ...
... of insecticidal activity [inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)], so much of the toxicology overlaps. We understand not only the mechanism by which OPs act, but the structural considerations that affect the initial inhibition of AChE, regeneration of the enzyme, and aging of the OP-enzyme comple ...
Hormone Delivery Options - Institute of Women`s Health
... – Serum levels achieved with oral dosing • Increased Bioavailability by micronization (reduction of particle size) • Solubulization in an oil matrix • Oral administration does increase serum levels • Vaginal Use also increases serum levels ...
... – Serum levels achieved with oral dosing • Increased Bioavailability by micronization (reduction of particle size) • Solubulization in an oil matrix • Oral administration does increase serum levels • Vaginal Use also increases serum levels ...
Name ______________________________ CH 204, Fall 2014 Assignment 8 – Opioids
... 10) Most opioids are metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, though up to 20-30% of patients have genetic differences in their production these enzymes. These patients may be rapid metabolizers, and thus not experience adequate analgesia. Alternatively, some may have insufficient enzyme levels, resulting ...
... 10) Most opioids are metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, though up to 20-30% of patients have genetic differences in their production these enzymes. These patients may be rapid metabolizers, and thus not experience adequate analgesia. Alternatively, some may have insufficient enzyme levels, resulting ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.