File
... This group has stick insects, walking sticks or stick-bugs, phasmids, ghost insects and leaf insects. Stick-insects are found in nearly all temperate and tropical ecosystems. Undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, with the young nymphs resembling miniature, albeit ...
... This group has stick insects, walking sticks or stick-bugs, phasmids, ghost insects and leaf insects. Stick-insects are found in nearly all temperate and tropical ecosystems. Undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, with the young nymphs resembling miniature, albeit ...
Nature Journal: Using the Grinnell System
... 2) To learn to recognize common and edible plants of south Puget Sound Keeping a Nature Journal: Using the Grinnell System Spring is an exciting part of the year as plant life actively continues its life cycle. Choose an area, perhaps near your house or on-campus, that you can readily observe at lea ...
... 2) To learn to recognize common and edible plants of south Puget Sound Keeping a Nature Journal: Using the Grinnell System Spring is an exciting part of the year as plant life actively continues its life cycle. Choose an area, perhaps near your house or on-campus, that you can readily observe at lea ...
Chapter 5 - WordPress.com
... communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance such as deforestation or fire would create conditions favoring pioneer species suc ...
... communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance such as deforestation or fire would create conditions favoring pioneer species suc ...
Medical Parasitology
... merozoites which are released into the bloodstream (5). A proportion of the liverstage parasites from P. vivax and P. ovale go through a dormant period instead of immediately undergoing asexual replication (i.e., stay temporarily at step 2). These hypnozoites will reactivate several weeks to months ...
... merozoites which are released into the bloodstream (5). A proportion of the liverstage parasites from P. vivax and P. ovale go through a dormant period instead of immediately undergoing asexual replication (i.e., stay temporarily at step 2). These hypnozoites will reactivate several weeks to months ...
Introduced species as evolutionary traps
... are exposed to sufficient selective pressure to drive an evolutionary change in behaviour or Darwinian algorithms, but not so strong as to extirpate a local population. For example, this might be accomplished by creating temporal or spatial refugia. In the case of naı̈ve anuran larvae, a dense latti ...
... are exposed to sufficient selective pressure to drive an evolutionary change in behaviour or Darwinian algorithms, but not so strong as to extirpate a local population. For example, this might be accomplished by creating temporal or spatial refugia. In the case of naı̈ve anuran larvae, a dense latti ...
the evolution of an invasive plant
... qualitatively different between the two continents (covariate interaction F1, 105 5 0.561, P . 0.455). However, for a given seed mass, European fruit invest significantly more protective capsule tissue. ...
... qualitatively different between the two continents (covariate interaction F1, 105 5 0.561, P . 0.455). However, for a given seed mass, European fruit invest significantly more protective capsule tissue. ...
An emerging synthesis between community ecology and
... coevolutionary interactions and adaptations among interacting populations within communities. Across a landscape, local communities can exhibit either reciprocal selection and adaptation among interacting populations, or nonreciprocal selection, leading to no adaptation of populations, or adaptation ...
... coevolutionary interactions and adaptations among interacting populations within communities. Across a landscape, local communities can exhibit either reciprocal selection and adaptation among interacting populations, or nonreciprocal selection, leading to no adaptation of populations, or adaptation ...
community - lynchscience
... • The number of individuals of different species in a community often changes as the seasons or the years change. • Communities also undergo broad directional changes in species composition over longer periods of time. • The process by which species in a community are replaced over time is called su ...
... • The number of individuals of different species in a community often changes as the seasons or the years change. • Communities also undergo broad directional changes in species composition over longer periods of time. • The process by which species in a community are replaced over time is called su ...
Reprint (497KB PDF) - Michigan State University
... Research on the interactions between evolutionary and ecological dynamics has largely focused on local spatial scales and on relatively simple ecological communities. However, recent work demonstrates that dispersal can drastically alter the interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics, of ...
... Research on the interactions between evolutionary and ecological dynamics has largely focused on local spatial scales and on relatively simple ecological communities. However, recent work demonstrates that dispersal can drastically alter the interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics, of ...
Accounting Jeopardy… - Bi-YOLO-gy
... similarities. Can be observed in bones of different species that are used for different purposes but evolved from a common ancestor. What are homologous structures? ...
... similarities. Can be observed in bones of different species that are used for different purposes but evolved from a common ancestor. What are homologous structures? ...
Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: A Manual
... elements, and presently many plant species in tropical rain forests are at maximum risk of reproductive failure. One of the major problems in conservation and management of tropical forests is lack of baseline data on their reproductive ecology. This is particularly true for a large number of endemi ...
... elements, and presently many plant species in tropical rain forests are at maximum risk of reproductive failure. One of the major problems in conservation and management of tropical forests is lack of baseline data on their reproductive ecology. This is particularly true for a large number of endemi ...
zly 103 platyhelminthes
... • Epidermis soft and ciliated or covered by cuticle and with external suckers or hooks or both • Simple sense organs with eyespot in some species. • Parasitic species normally move between different habitats during their developmental stages. • A few species are commensals deriving harmonious existe ...
... • Epidermis soft and ciliated or covered by cuticle and with external suckers or hooks or both • Simple sense organs with eyespot in some species. • Parasitic species normally move between different habitats during their developmental stages. • A few species are commensals deriving harmonious existe ...
General Ecology: Lecture 12
... In which host it asexually reproduces f. The physical appearance of each life stage g. Which host is considered “intermediate” and which “final” (or “definitive”), and what these terms mean. ...
... In which host it asexually reproduces f. The physical appearance of each life stage g. Which host is considered “intermediate” and which “final” (or “definitive”), and what these terms mean. ...
December 2013
... to gain insight on the animals predating seeds of the endangered Kihansi coffee. Seed predation cages (N = 23 sets) were installed across the species range; Mhalala (n = 5), Kihansi Upper (n = 6), Kihansi Lower (n = 5) and Kihansi research Station (n = 7) following elevational gradients. Each set of ...
... to gain insight on the animals predating seeds of the endangered Kihansi coffee. Seed predation cages (N = 23 sets) were installed across the species range; Mhalala (n = 5), Kihansi Upper (n = 6), Kihansi Lower (n = 5) and Kihansi research Station (n = 7) following elevational gradients. Each set of ...
Levin, S. A. 1998. Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex
... operatingat local levels, the potentialfor alternative developmental pathways is enormous. FrancoisJacob (1977) emphasizesthe analogyof evolution as a tinkerer, which operates by modifying previous designs slightly and is thereby constrainedby history in exploringa landscapeof otherwise uncountable ...
... operatingat local levels, the potentialfor alternative developmental pathways is enormous. FrancoisJacob (1977) emphasizesthe analogyof evolution as a tinkerer, which operates by modifying previous designs slightly and is thereby constrainedby history in exploringa landscapeof otherwise uncountable ...
aspects of the evolution and origin of the deep
... m a n y deep-sea asellotes, the species which live in caves are blind a n d lack pigment showing a parallel in morphology to deep-sea species. O n e such species of trichoniscid inhabits caves in Mexico where it lives in pools. I t is thus truly aquatic although it is a n oniscoid. It is not related ...
... m a n y deep-sea asellotes, the species which live in caves are blind a n d lack pigment showing a parallel in morphology to deep-sea species. O n e such species of trichoniscid inhabits caves in Mexico where it lives in pools. I t is thus truly aquatic although it is a n oniscoid. It is not related ...
Mutualism
... both reflecting the state of the literature and providing guidance as to how to make what we have learned more valuable for our fellow humans. The potential is clearly large in light of the high importance of mutualisms to community structure, nutrient cycling, and other ecosystem properties. But ...
... both reflecting the state of the literature and providing guidance as to how to make what we have learned more valuable for our fellow humans. The potential is clearly large in light of the high importance of mutualisms to community structure, nutrient cycling, and other ecosystem properties. But ...
7 th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items S7L5a-c.
... C. Members of a species with traits that allow them to survive and reproduce in an environment will increase in population, while those without those traits will die. D. Bigger members of a species always have an advantage over smaller members. Therefore, over time, a species will eventually include ...
... C. Members of a species with traits that allow them to survive and reproduce in an environment will increase in population, while those without those traits will die. D. Bigger members of a species always have an advantage over smaller members. Therefore, over time, a species will eventually include ...
Ecology and evolution of negative and positive interactions in
... Parasitism is an exceptional interaction in cacti, albeit probably more widespread than currently known, since several cases of cryptic parasitism with fungi as parasites have been reported (Suryanarayanan et al. 2005; Ayala-Escobar et al. 2006; Pereira et al. 2007). One of the few examples of paras ...
... Parasitism is an exceptional interaction in cacti, albeit probably more widespread than currently known, since several cases of cryptic parasitism with fungi as parasites have been reported (Suryanarayanan et al. 2005; Ayala-Escobar et al. 2006; Pereira et al. 2007). One of the few examples of paras ...
Document
... experimental plots on different distances from source populations by these species. Although rates of parasitism were not strongly affected by fragmentation, we observed an increased rate of herbivory in smaller populations. A common garden experiment revealed that this was due to a relatively highe ...
... experimental plots on different distances from source populations by these species. Although rates of parasitism were not strongly affected by fragmentation, we observed an increased rate of herbivory in smaller populations. A common garden experiment revealed that this was due to a relatively highe ...
Lesson 8: How Do New Species Emerge?
... Ask students, “Even though individuals can get a mutation that would allow it to open its flower much later than any other flower in the population, why would this individual have a competitive disadvantage for reproducing new offspring?” Students should reference the idea of decreased competitive a ...
... Ask students, “Even though individuals can get a mutation that would allow it to open its flower much later than any other flower in the population, why would this individual have a competitive disadvantage for reproducing new offspring?” Students should reference the idea of decreased competitive a ...
Sample Test Questions -- Midterm 2 - People
... 25. During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, “The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.” To correct your friend’s misconception, what would you say? a. Spontaneous mutations can result in the ...
... 25. During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, “The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.” To correct your friend’s misconception, what would you say? a. Spontaneous mutations can result in the ...
Functional responses in resource-based mutualisms: a time scale
... mutualists, which are functions of the resources offered to the other species, also with diminishing returns. In their analyses, the resources that mediate benefits and costs are replaced by population abundances as if the species were the resources themselves. This assumption enables the graphical ...
... mutualists, which are functions of the resources offered to the other species, also with diminishing returns. In their analyses, the resources that mediate benefits and costs are replaced by population abundances as if the species were the resources themselves. This assumption enables the graphical ...
Text 2 How Species Interact
... during the winter. In this kind of close relationship, the sizes of each population tend to increase and decrease in linked patterns, as shown in Figure 2.5. Other predators will feed on many types of prey or switch between different types of prey. Most predators are themselves prey of other predato ...
... during the winter. In this kind of close relationship, the sizes of each population tend to increase and decrease in linked patterns, as shown in Figure 2.5. Other predators will feed on many types of prey or switch between different types of prey. Most predators are themselves prey of other predato ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.