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Habitat and Niche (Butterflies, Moths, Wasps, Bees, and Ants)
Habitat and Niche (Butterflies, Moths, Wasps, Bees, and Ants)

... • You will explore the West campus ecosystem searching for Hymenopterans and Lepidopterans. • You will be responsible for locating three different species of either Hymenoptera or Lepidoptera. • You will describe where you found the individual insect, its appearance (take a picture if you like), and ...
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... • There are about one million known insect species but there may be as many as 30 million more species to be discovered. • Insects make up about 85 percent of all animals species. • Insects are part of a larger group of invertebrates (animals without backbones) called arthropods. They have a tough, ...
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Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
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Phylogeny and Systematics
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Symbiotic Relationships

... benefits because the cactus flowers provide it with food and the cactus benefits because the bat carries the cactus’ pollen on its nose. Humans and bacteria in our large intestine. Bacteria helps break down food that we can’t always digest and also gives us Vitamin K and the bacteria receive food to ...
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Coevolution



In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.
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