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q-Continuous Functions in Quad Topological Spaces
q-Continuous Functions in Quad Topological Spaces

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Math 131: Midterm Solutions

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... and only if for each p ∈ S, supx∈B p(x) < ∞. Hence in H(G), a set is bounded if and only if it is uniformly bounded on compact subsets of G. In a general locally convex space, each compact set is clearly bounded. A crucial property of H(G) is that the converse holds: Definition 14 A subset of H(U) i ...
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Profinite Groups - Universiteit Leiden

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... was introduced by Gentry and Hoyle [8]. Let (X, τ1 ) and (Y, τ2 ) be topological spaces. A function f : (X, τ1 ) −→ (Y, τ2 ) is defined to be c-continuous if for each point x ∈ X and each open set V in Y containing f (x) and having compact complement, there exists an open set U in X containing x such ...
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The inverse map of a continuous bijective map might not be

The Fundamental Group and Covering Spaces
The Fundamental Group and Covering Spaces

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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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