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Summer School Topology Midterm
Summer School Topology Midterm

FULL TEXT - RS Publication
FULL TEXT - RS Publication

Hausdorff Spaces
Hausdorff Spaces

Math 396. Paracompactness and local compactness 1. Motivation
Math 396. Paracompactness and local compactness 1. Motivation

OPERATOR-COMPACT AND OPERATOR
OPERATOR-COMPACT AND OPERATOR

b*-Continuous Functions in Topological Spaces
b*-Continuous Functions in Topological Spaces

On sigma-Induced L-Fuzzy Topological Spaces
On sigma-Induced L-Fuzzy Topological Spaces

... Conversely, let x,y∈X(x y) and p,q∈pr(L). From the fuzzy complete Hausdrofness of (X, ( T )), there exists basic open L-fuzzy sets , which are defined by respectively (z) = if z∈U, (z)=0 otherwise and (z)= if z V, (z)=0 otherwise, where U and V are regular -subsets in ( X,T ) and ∈L such that xp∈ , ...
Compact groups and products of the unit interval
Compact groups and products of the unit interval

... Remark 3 3 . We have shown in the proof of Theorem 3 1 that if X is a compact Hausdorff space, then (i) implies (ii), where (i) X has B™ as a subspace; (ii) there is a continuous mapping of X onto l m . Juhasz, ([8], theorem 3-18), shows that condition (ii) is equivalent to various other conditions. ...
Metric and metrizable spaces
Metric and metrizable spaces

Click here
Click here

Topological Spaces
Topological Spaces

PDF
PDF

AN INTRODUCTION TO ∞-CATEGORIES Contents 1. Introduction 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO ∞-CATEGORIES Contents 1. Introduction 1

on topological chaos
on topological chaos

Lecture Notes 2
Lecture Notes 2

the homology theory of the closed geodesic problem
the homology theory of the closed geodesic problem

Some comments on Heisenberg-picture QFT, Theo Johnson
Some comments on Heisenberg-picture QFT, Theo Johnson

THE PRODUCT TOPOLOGY Contents 1. The Product Topology 1 2
THE PRODUCT TOPOLOGY Contents 1. The Product Topology 1 2

Solid spaces and absolute retracts
Solid spaces and absolute retracts

this PDF file - European Journal of Pure and Applied
this PDF file - European Journal of Pure and Applied

... then it is β-open in the usual sense. Indeed, if A is I − β-open, then there is a preopen set G such that G \ A,and A \ cl(G) ∈ I = {;}, and so G ⊆ A ⊆ cl(G), proving that A is β-open. Conversely, suppose that whenever a set A is I − β-open, then it is β-open. Let B ∈ I. Then, B is I − β-open, and b ...
Local compactness - GMU Math 631 Spring 2011
Local compactness - GMU Math 631 Spring 2011

... Examples 7. The following spaces are not locally compact: (1) Q;2 (2) RN ; (3) Cp (X) where X is any non-discrete Tychonoff space; (4) Niemytzky plane; (5) Zorgenfrey line; (6) The metric hedgehog; (7) The quotient hedgehog.3 ...
On generalized preopen sets
On generalized preopen sets

SimpCxes.pdf
SimpCxes.pdf

Investigation on Weak form of Generalized Closed sets in Ideal
Investigation on Weak form of Generalized Closed sets in Ideal

Chapter 1: Topology
Chapter 1: Topology

< 1 ... 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 ... 127 >

Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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