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Modern descriptive set theory
Modern descriptive set theory

... by a collection Ogen of sets that we want to declare to be open. Just let O to be the closure of the set Ogen on finite intersections and arbitrary unions. The category of topological spaces comes equipped with continuous functions and homeomorphisms. A map f : X → Y is continuous if preimages of op ...
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Introduction to Point-Set Topology

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Between strong continuity and almost continuity

Étale groupoids and their morphisms
Étale groupoids and their morphisms

... Boolean right normal bands: going to points B — Boolean right normal band. Let γ : B → B/D be the canonical morphism. Let G be an ultrafilter of B. There is a unique ultrafilter F of B/D such that γ(G ) = F and for some (equiv. for any) a ∈ G G = Ga,F = {b ∈ B : b eF a} = {b ∈ B : there is c ∈ B wi ...
separability of metric spaces - American Mathematical Society
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... the 3-dimensional Euclidean space, on its removed edge, and the sequence of rectangles, congruent and parallel to the first one but lowered by 3 units, converging to the first one. C. Now repeat the process, using each of the rectangles in the sequence of rectangles as the first rectangle and for it ...


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1. Introduction - Departamento de Matemática

... between this “new” class of second countable spaces, and the classes of separable, Lindelöf spaces. In the literature it may be found a discussion of the equivalence, in ZF, of different ways of defining some well known topological notions. As interesting examples of this kind of study, we have tha ...
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Scott Topology and its Relation to the Alexandroff Topology

... Scott open sets forms a topology called the Scott topology. Also, it shows that the Scott topology is sober over an algebraic dcpo. The base of the Scott topology is given by means of the set of all compact elements. The second compares between the Scott topology and the Alexandroff topology on fini ...
A Short Course on Banach Space Theory
A Short Course on Banach Space Theory

A Weaker Form of a Generalized Closed Set
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Fuzziness in Chang`s Fuzzy Topological Spaces
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NEARLY COUNTABLE DENSE HOMOGENEOUS SPACES 1
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... countable dense sets. Then X contains a closed and scattered subset S of finite CantorBendixson rank which is closed under all homeomorphisms of X and has the property that X \ S is CDH. If X has at most n types of countable dense sets for some n ∈ N, then |S| ≤ n−1. The pseudoarc P is an example of ...
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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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