• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
arXiv:0706.3441v1 [math.AG] 25 Jun 2007
arXiv:0706.3441v1 [math.AG] 25 Jun 2007

EXISTENCE AND PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC QUOTIENTS
EXISTENCE AND PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC QUOTIENTS

The Simplicial Lusternik
The Simplicial Lusternik

Real Analysis - Harvard Mathematics Department
Real Analysis - Harvard Mathematics Department

α OPEN SETS IN TRI TOPOLOGICAL SPACE
α OPEN SETS IN TRI TOPOLOGICAL SPACE

properties of fuzzy metric space and its applications
properties of fuzzy metric space and its applications

... 5.3.1 Theorem- The element A of a fuzzy metric space (F x .µ x ) is an Fadherent point of the subset G of F x iff d (A,G)=0 Proof: we have d(A,G)= inf. {µ x (A.y): y∈G} Therefore d(A,G)=0 ⇒ every F-open sphere S (A,r) contains element of G. which implies A is an F-adherent point of G. conversely if ...
Somewhat continuous functions
Somewhat continuous functions

Fixed Point Theorems in Topology and Geometry A
Fixed Point Theorems in Topology and Geometry A

PROPERTIES OF H-SETS, KAT ˇETOV SPACES AND H
PROPERTIES OF H-SETS, KAT ˇETOV SPACES AND H

A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ERGODIC THEORY 1
A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ERGODIC THEORY 1

Locally compact spaces and two classes of C
Locally compact spaces and two classes of C

Lecture Notes (unique pdf file)
Lecture Notes (unique pdf file)

... ⇒ Let (X, τ ) be a topological space, x ∈ X and F(x) the filter of neighbourhoods of x. Then (N1) trivially holds by definition of neighbourhood of x. To show (N2), let us take A ∈ F(x). Since A is a neighbourhood of x, there exists B ∈ τ s.t. x ∈ B ⊆ A. Then clearly B ∈ F(x). Moreover, since for an ...
On uniformly locally compact quasi
On uniformly locally compact quasi

Minimal T0-spaces and minimal TD-spaces
Minimal T0-spaces and minimal TD-spaces

ON WEAKLY e-CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
ON WEAKLY e-CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

... A subset A of a space X is called regular open [23] (resp. regular closed [23]) if A = int(cl(A)) (resp. A = cl(int(A))). A subset A of a space X is called δ-semiopen [19] (resp. preopen [12], δ-preopen [22], α-open [14], semi-preopen [3] or β-open [1], b-open [2] or sp-open [5] or γ-open [8], e-ope ...
65, 3 (2013), 419–424 September 2013 TOTALLY BOUNDED ENDOMORPHISMS ON A TOPOLOGICAL RING
65, 3 (2013), 419–424 September 2013 TOTALLY BOUNDED ENDOMORPHISMS ON A TOPOLOGICAL RING

... (i) The operations of addition and product in Bbtb (X) are continuous with respect to the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets; (ii) The operations of addition and product in Btbtb (X) are continuous with respect to the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets; (iii) The operations ...
On superpositionally measurable semi Carath eodory multifunctions
On superpositionally measurable semi Carath eodory multifunctions

Filter spaces and continuous functionals.
Filter spaces and continuous functionals.

Proper connection number and connected dominating sets
Proper connection number and connected dominating sets

Algebra I: Section 6. The structure of groups. 6.1 Direct products of
Algebra I: Section 6. The structure of groups. 6.1 Direct products of

topology - DDE, MDU, Rohtak
topology - DDE, MDU, Rohtak

... (iv) Since A ⊆ A ∪ B and B ⊆ A ∪ B d(A) ⊆ d (A ∪ B) and d(B) ⊆ d(A ∪ B) d(A) ∪ d(B) ⊆ d(A ∪ B) Conversely suppose that x ∉ d(A) ∪ d(B) and so x ∉ d(A) and x ∉ d(B). Therefore by definition, there must exist GA and GB containing x such that GA ∩ A − {x} = φ GB ∩ B − {x} = φ Let G = GA ∩ BB. By axiom ...
Dualities of Stably Compact Spaces
Dualities of Stably Compact Spaces

Super and Strongly Faintly Continuous Multifunctions ¤
Super and Strongly Faintly Continuous Multifunctions ¤

Real Analysis: Part II - University of Arizona Math
Real Analysis: Part II - University of Arizona Math

Combinatorial Maps - People
Combinatorial Maps - People

... partially order by inclusion. A class of combinatorial maps, called ordered maps, includes the polytopes and most other classical examples, and it is shown that these are characterized by a linear diagram. The incidence structure S(G) generalizes the facial structure of a polytope. The examples that ...
< 1 ... 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ... 127 >

Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report