• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Smarandachely Precontinuous maps and Preopen Sets in
Smarandachely Precontinuous maps and Preopen Sets in

... Proof Let G = {(x, f (x)) : x ∈ X} be the graph of f . The projections π1 : G → X and π2 : G → Y are continuous. The projection π1 : G → X is bijective. It follows from Theorem ?? that π1 is preopen. Therefore, the inverse mapping π1−1 is precontinuous. Then f = π2 ◦ π1−1 is precontinuous. ...
Topological vector spaces
Topological vector spaces

Solution 3
Solution 3

PDF
PDF

... This entry aims at highlighting the fact that all uses of the word discrete in mathematics are directly related to the core concept of discrete space: • A discrete set is a set that, endowed with the topology implied by the context, is a discrete space. For instance for a subset of Rn and without in ...
PDF
PDF

Logic – Homework 4
Logic – Homework 4

... • A more convenient way of representing a topology T is (sometimes) by means of a base: S S For any collection C ⊆ 2X of subsets of X, let T(C) := { O∈C O | C ⊆ T } (with ∅ = O∈∅ O). If T(C) is a topology, we call C a base of T(C) and say that C generates the topology T(C). Every topology T has a ba ...
Monoidal closed structures for topological spaces
Monoidal closed structures for topological spaces

Math 541 Lecture #1 I.1: Topological Spaces
Math 541 Lecture #1 I.1: Topological Spaces

CHAPTER 0 PRELIMINARIES We include in this preliminary chapter
CHAPTER 0 PRELIMINARIES We include in this preliminary chapter

- Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society
- Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society

... Hausdorff space which contains X as a dense subspace. The Stone–Čech compactification of a completely regular space X, denoted by βX, is the (unique) compactification of X which is characterized among all compactifications of X by the fact that every continuous bounded mapping f : X → F is extendabl ...
Natural covers - Research Showcase @ CMU
Natural covers - Research Showcase @ CMU

THE GEOMETRY OF THE ADELES Contents 1. Introduction 1 2
THE GEOMETRY OF THE ADELES Contents 1. Introduction 1 2

21. Metric spaces (continued). Lemma: If d is a metric on X and A
21. Metric spaces (continued). Lemma: If d is a metric on X and A

Continuity in topological spaces and topological invariance
Continuity in topological spaces and topological invariance

On Hereditarily Baire Space
On Hereditarily Baire Space

Math 446–646 Important facts about Topological Spaces
Math 446–646 Important facts about Topological Spaces

Solutions to exercises in Munkres
Solutions to exercises in Munkres

Ordered Topological Structures
Ordered Topological Structures

Exercise Sheet 4
Exercise Sheet 4

... (a) Prove that the sheaf of normal vector fields on S n−1 ⊂ Rn is isomorphic to the sheaf of functions C ∞ (−, R). (b) Give an example of a differentiable submanifold of codimension 1 where this does not hold. *2. Let X be a topological space and j : U ,→ X the embedding of an open subset. (a) Prove ...
Complex Bordism (Lecture 5)
Complex Bordism (Lecture 5)

Topology HW10
Topology HW10

PDF
PDF

PDF
PDF

... A topological space X is said to be weakly countably compact (or limit point compact) if every infinite subset of X has a limit point. Every countably compact space is weakly countably compact. The converse is true in T1 spaces. A metric space is weakly countably compact if and only if it is compact ...
Applied Topology, Fall 2016 1 Topological Spaces
Applied Topology, Fall 2016 1 Topological Spaces

Lecture 9
Lecture 9

< 1 ... 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 ... 127 >

Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report