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Topological Vector Spaces.
Topological Vector Spaces.

On Topological Sets and Spaces - Global Journal of Science
On Topological Sets and Spaces - Global Journal of Science

ON TOPOLOGIES FOR FUNCTION SPACES Given
ON TOPOLOGIES FOR FUNCTION SPACES Given

FREE GROUPS - Stanford University
FREE GROUPS - Stanford University

Weak-continuity and closed graphs
Weak-continuity and closed graphs

... (P) For each (x, y) ф G(f), there exist open sets U c X and V c Y containing x and y, respectively, such that f(U) n Intľ(Clľ(V)) = 0. Proof. Let (x, y) ф G(f)9 then y Ф /(x). Since Уis Hausdorff, there exist disjoint open sets Vand JVcontaining y and/(x), respectively. Thus, we have Int^Clj^V)) n n ...
English
English

Homotopy type of symplectomorphism groups of × S Geometry & Topology
Homotopy type of symplectomorphism groups of × S Geometry & Topology

I-Sequential Topological Spaces∗
I-Sequential Topological Spaces∗

(JJMS) 5(3), 2012, pp.201 - 208 g
(JJMS) 5(3), 2012, pp.201 - 208 g

Free Groups
Free Groups

1. Scheme A ringed space is a pair (X,OX), where X is a topological
1. Scheme A ringed space is a pair (X,OX), where X is a topological

g∗b-Continuous Maps and Pasting Lemma in Topological Spaces 1
g∗b-Continuous Maps and Pasting Lemma in Topological Spaces 1

Math 535 - General Topology Fall 2012 Homework 7 Solutions
Math 535 - General Topology Fall 2012 Homework 7 Solutions

the orbit spaces of totally disconnected groups of transformations on
the orbit spaces of totally disconnected groups of transformations on

from mapping class groups to automorphism groups of free groups
from mapping class groups to automorphism groups of free groups

IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

... Proof: Let x and y be any two distinct points of X. Then f x and f y are different points of Y because f is injective. Since Y is Hausdorff, there exist disjoint open sets U and V in Y containing f x and f y respectively. Since f is continuous and U ∩ V = ϕ, f −1 U and f −1 V are disjoint open sets ...
the regular continuous image of a minimal regular space is not
the regular continuous image of a minimal regular space is not

On sp-gpr-Compact and sp-gpr-Connected in Topological Spaces
On sp-gpr-Compact and sp-gpr-Connected in Topological Spaces

... sp-gpr-closed, B is a proper non-empty subset of X which is both sp-gpr-open and sp-gpr-closed in X. Then by Theorem 3.4, X is not sp-gpr-connected. This proves the theorem. The following example shows that the converse is not true. Example 3.7: Let X = {a, b, c}, τ = {φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}, X }. The ...
Some notes on trees and paths
Some notes on trees and paths

Games and metrisability of manifolds
Games and metrisability of manifolds

Remedial topology
Remedial topology

Part II
Part II

... Proof. Write ∪i∈I Ai = U ∪ V , where U and V are open in X. Choose an index i0 . We have Ai0 ⊂ U ∪ V , and Ai0 is connected. Then all of Ai0 is in one or the other of the open sets, so we may assume Ai0 ⊂ U. Now let x ∈ ∩i∈I Ai . We have x ∈ Ai0 ⊂ U, so x ∈ U. Then, for all i ∈ I, Ai ∩ U 6= ∅. Since ...
Solutions 8 - D-MATH
Solutions 8 - D-MATH

t-regular-closed convergence spaces
t-regular-closed convergence spaces

... like the compactifications ...
The inverse image of a metric space under a biquotient
The inverse image of a metric space under a biquotient

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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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