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SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF EPIZOOTIC HAEMORRHAGIC
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF EPIZOOTIC HAEMORRHAGIC

... Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an Orthobunyavirus of the family Bunyaviridae and a member of the Simbu serogroup. It is closely related to the Akabane virus. This serogroup contains more than 24 viruses, most of which have been detected in ruminants. SBV is most probably transmitted by biting midges ( ...
Transfusion Transmitted Viral Infections
Transfusion Transmitted Viral Infections

... infection, earlier by individual (ID) than by mini-pool (MP) testing. Clinical disease and ALT elevation occur about 2 months after infection, followed thereafter by the development of HCV antibody at 70 days with the current (3rd generation) enzyme immunoassay tests. Note the long “window period” b ...
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... the results are accurate. • If the repeat test is also positive, other confirmation tests, such as the Western blot (WB) test, will be done. • If done properly, this test is 100 percent accurate. • If the results of all three of these tests are positive, a person is determined to have HIV. ...
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... There are specific molecules on microbes that bind to receptor molecules on host cells, either at the body surface (viruses, bacteria) or in tissues (viruses). The receptor molecule is present only in certain cells, which are susceptible to infection. CD4 molecule and the CCR5 beta-chemokine, recept ...
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HIV



The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
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