Detection of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes by reverse
... Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory and urogenital tract of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a member of the family Coronaviridae. The disease is common throughout the world where chickens are produced commercially. PCR on reverse transc ...
... Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory and urogenital tract of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a member of the family Coronaviridae. The disease is common throughout the world where chickens are produced commercially. PCR on reverse transc ...
Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus
... virus (IBDV) segments A and B of 50 natural or vaccine IBDV strains that were isolated or produced between 1972 and 2002 in 17 countries from four continents, with phenotypes ranging from attenuated to very virulent (vv). These strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on pa ...
... virus (IBDV) segments A and B of 50 natural or vaccine IBDV strains that were isolated or produced between 1972 and 2002 in 17 countries from four continents, with phenotypes ranging from attenuated to very virulent (vv). These strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on pa ...
Gastroenteritis Adult - Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association
... DEFINITION Gastroenteritis, also known as enteritis or gastroenterocolitis, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that manifests as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. IMMEDIATE CONSULTATION REQUIRED IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS • Moderate dehydration (6-10% loss of body weight) if b ...
... DEFINITION Gastroenteritis, also known as enteritis or gastroenterocolitis, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that manifests as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. IMMEDIATE CONSULTATION REQUIRED IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS • Moderate dehydration (6-10% loss of body weight) if b ...
Vaccinations in Camelids - CSU Veterinary Extension
... developed for cattle, small ruminants, and horses. Therefore using these products is considered “off label” in camelids and the manufacturers do not guarantee effectiveness and safety. Owners should always consult with their veterinarian to determine an appropriate vaccination protocol and which pro ...
... developed for cattle, small ruminants, and horses. Therefore using these products is considered “off label” in camelids and the manufacturers do not guarantee effectiveness and safety. Owners should always consult with their veterinarian to determine an appropriate vaccination protocol and which pro ...
Infection of Cultured Early Mouse Embryos with Semliki Forest and
... al., 1982; Milner & Marshall, 1984; Milner et al., 1984), rubella virus (RV; Gregg, 1941 ; Siegel & Greenberg, 1960), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (Done et al., 1980), border disease virus (Gardiner & Barlow, 1972) and Japanese encephalitis virus (Chaturvedi et al., 1980). In general, damage to the ...
... al., 1982; Milner & Marshall, 1984; Milner et al., 1984), rubella virus (RV; Gregg, 1941 ; Siegel & Greenberg, 1960), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (Done et al., 1980), border disease virus (Gardiner & Barlow, 1972) and Japanese encephalitis virus (Chaturvedi et al., 1980). In general, damage to the ...
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Information Packet
... The prevention of Ebola HF in Africa presents many challenges. Because the identity and location of the natural reservoir of Ebola virus are unknown, there are few established primary prevention measures. If cases of the disease do appear, current social and economic conditions often favor the sprea ...
... The prevention of Ebola HF in Africa presents many challenges. Because the identity and location of the natural reservoir of Ebola virus are unknown, there are few established primary prevention measures. If cases of the disease do appear, current social and economic conditions often favor the sprea ...
persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in natural
... Transmission of LPAI viruses among wild waterbirds is considered to be mainly by the fecal– oral route, with virus particles excreted from infected birds directly from feces into water and contracted by potential hosts by ingestion of virions in water or on food therein (30). Although no evidence ha ...
... Transmission of LPAI viruses among wild waterbirds is considered to be mainly by the fecal– oral route, with virus particles excreted from infected birds directly from feces into water and contracted by potential hosts by ingestion of virions in water or on food therein (30). Although no evidence ha ...
Croup Fact Sheet
... primarily types 1 and 3, but other viral and possibly bacterial infections can also cause it. It is most common in the autumn but can occur year-round, with a slight predilection for males. a. Croup has an unmistakable sound — a harsh, repetitive cough similar to the noise of a seal barking. Attacks ...
... primarily types 1 and 3, but other viral and possibly bacterial infections can also cause it. It is most common in the autumn but can occur year-round, with a slight predilection for males. a. Croup has an unmistakable sound — a harsh, repetitive cough similar to the noise of a seal barking. Attacks ...
Roseola
... If people touch these droplets and then touch their own noses or mouths they can become infected. The incubation period (time from contact to the appearance of symptoms) is 9 to 10 days and it is most infectious when the rash appears. The risk to the child increases with exposure to a day care centr ...
... If people touch these droplets and then touch their own noses or mouths they can become infected. The incubation period (time from contact to the appearance of symptoms) is 9 to 10 days and it is most infectious when the rash appears. The risk to the child increases with exposure to a day care centr ...
New and Emerging Waterborne Infectious Diseases
... similar features were described and called Norwalk-like viruses. These viruses are common causes of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps with occasional headache and low-grade fever. The disease starts 24-28 h after exposure and last about 16-60 h. While Norwalk-like viruses cause sporad ...
... similar features were described and called Norwalk-like viruses. These viruses are common causes of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps with occasional headache and low-grade fever. The disease starts 24-28 h after exposure and last about 16-60 h. While Norwalk-like viruses cause sporad ...
“for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus” “for his
... Such drug regimens could be supplanted with vaccines to eradicate the virus infection. Montagnier is developing one such treatment, not a preventive vaccine but a therapeutic vaccine, aimed at complementing the antiretroviral therapy given to many patients, so that their immune systems can defend th ...
... Such drug regimens could be supplanted with vaccines to eradicate the virus infection. Montagnier is developing one such treatment, not a preventive vaccine but a therapeutic vaccine, aimed at complementing the antiretroviral therapy given to many patients, so that their immune systems can defend th ...
Foodborne pathogens
... been proposed, including bacteriophage activity, DNA recombination and transformation [5]. They are very different from other pathogens associated with foodborne disease in that they are essentially microaerophilic, growing best in an atmosphere containing approximately 10% CO2 and approximately 5% ...
... been proposed, including bacteriophage activity, DNA recombination and transformation [5]. They are very different from other pathogens associated with foodborne disease in that they are essentially microaerophilic, growing best in an atmosphere containing approximately 10% CO2 and approximately 5% ...
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Camel Pox Virus By
... amel pox one of the economic disease of dromedary infected camels. The skin eruption one of the characteristic lesion which appear in various stages of the infection. The samples were collected from camel flock in Southern Sinai [sera and skin lesions (scabs)]. The camel pox virus (CPV) were isolate ...
... amel pox one of the economic disease of dromedary infected camels. The skin eruption one of the characteristic lesion which appear in various stages of the infection. The samples were collected from camel flock in Southern Sinai [sera and skin lesions (scabs)]. The camel pox virus (CPV) were isolate ...
Culex mosquitoes are experimentally unable to
... Members of the Cx. pipiens species complex are among the most widely distributed mosquitoes in the world and can act as disease vectors [17]. The species complex comprises several members including Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus, which are the most abundant Culicinae mosquitoes in temperate an ...
... Members of the Cx. pipiens species complex are among the most widely distributed mosquitoes in the world and can act as disease vectors [17]. The species complex comprises several members including Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus, which are the most abundant Culicinae mosquitoes in temperate an ...
Avian Influenza – the next pandemic
... Three strains of influenza virus – A, B, C Influenza A causes illness in humans of all ages and some animals, and is responsible for epidemics and pandemics. Influenza B causes infection in humans and milder epidemics. Influenza C causes a mild illness in children throughout the year. ...
... Three strains of influenza virus – A, B, C Influenza A causes illness in humans of all ages and some animals, and is responsible for epidemics and pandemics. Influenza B causes infection in humans and milder epidemics. Influenza C causes a mild illness in children throughout the year. ...
The Substantia Nigra is a Major Target for Neurovirulent Influenza A
... (6). Furthermore, the influenza A virus has been suspected as the causative agent of encephalitis lethargica, in which there is chronic progressive parkinsonism, because of the concurrence of that condition with the 1918-1928 influenza pandemic (7-9). An increased risk of developing idiopathic Parki ...
... (6). Furthermore, the influenza A virus has been suspected as the causative agent of encephalitis lethargica, in which there is chronic progressive parkinsonism, because of the concurrence of that condition with the 1918-1928 influenza pandemic (7-9). An increased risk of developing idiopathic Parki ...
Detection of viruses and virus-like particles in four species of wild
... were refractory. The virus isolate was stable when exposed to a range of pH 2 to 9, resistant to chloroform and replicated in the presence of IUdR, suggesting a non-enveloped RNA virus. Ultrastructural examination of infected BF-2 cells indicated hexagonal cytoplasmic virus particles (Fig. 2C) about ...
... were refractory. The virus isolate was stable when exposed to a range of pH 2 to 9, resistant to chloroform and replicated in the presence of IUdR, suggesting a non-enveloped RNA virus. Ultrastructural examination of infected BF-2 cells indicated hexagonal cytoplasmic virus particles (Fig. 2C) about ...
Isolation and Characterization of BoHV
... 100,000 I.U. and Streptomycin, 100 mg per liter of medium) and foetal calf serum (5%). Samples were collected from seropositive cattle when they showed respiratory syndrome. Nasal swabs were collected with commercially available sterile swabs when the secretion was serous rather than mucopurulant in ...
... 100,000 I.U. and Streptomycin, 100 mg per liter of medium) and foetal calf serum (5%). Samples were collected from seropositive cattle when they showed respiratory syndrome. Nasal swabs were collected with commercially available sterile swabs when the secretion was serous rather than mucopurulant in ...
Viral and Bacterial Diseases in Wildlife
... diseases that directly impact humans and agriculture. NWRC is at the forefront of research and surveillance for many of these pathogens. Much of this effort has focused on avian influenza viruses and pathogenic bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are found ...
... diseases that directly impact humans and agriculture. NWRC is at the forefront of research and surveillance for many of these pathogens. Much of this effort has focused on avian influenza viruses and pathogenic bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are found ...
The Concept of Virus
... of the history of infectious diseases. In about 2500 B.C. the Chinese had identified small-pox and knew that it was transmissible. To write however without comment, as some people do, that the Chinese knew viral diseases is perhaps not entirely justified. Aristotle was aware of the fact that rabies ...
... of the history of infectious diseases. In about 2500 B.C. the Chinese had identified small-pox and knew that it was transmissible. To write however without comment, as some people do, that the Chinese knew viral diseases is perhaps not entirely justified. Aristotle was aware of the fact that rabies ...
The Concept of Virus
... of the history of infectious diseases. In about 2500 B.C. the Chinese had identified small-pox and knew that it was transmissible. To write however without comment, as some people do, that the Chinese knew viral diseases is perhaps not entirely justified. Aristotle was aware of the fact that rabies ...
... of the history of infectious diseases. In about 2500 B.C. the Chinese had identified small-pox and knew that it was transmissible. To write however without comment, as some people do, that the Chinese knew viral diseases is perhaps not entirely justified. Aristotle was aware of the fact that rabies ...
Digitizing Historical Plague - Oxford Academic
... river systems, and forests affect the dispersal rate and virulence of Yersinia pestis, and was a wildlife reservoir involved? Historical documentary reports and dendro-dated wood constructions are valuable and increasingly available resources to enhance knowledge of plague-induced socioeconomic, cul ...
... river systems, and forests affect the dispersal rate and virulence of Yersinia pestis, and was a wildlife reservoir involved? Historical documentary reports and dendro-dated wood constructions are valuable and increasingly available resources to enhance knowledge of plague-induced socioeconomic, cul ...
to the Summer 2010 Newsletter
... outbreaks that occurred over the last century. The original flu we worried about was Spanish flu, the 1918 H1 pandemic. The identity of the causative virus was unknown then as the flu virus itself was not isolated until 1933. Serologic studies were able to link viruses isolated in the 1930’s (now kn ...
... outbreaks that occurred over the last century. The original flu we worried about was Spanish flu, the 1918 H1 pandemic. The identity of the causative virus was unknown then as the flu virus itself was not isolated until 1933. Serologic studies were able to link viruses isolated in the 1930’s (now kn ...
Linköping University Post Print An unbiased metagenomic search for infectious
... CFS and their well monozygotic twin) [12]. We are aware of one previous study that assessed 22 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for CFS for indices of past and current viral infection (BK virus; cytomegalovirus; Epstein-Barr virus; hepatitis C virus; herpes simplex virus 1 and 2; human herpes v ...
... CFS and their well monozygotic twin) [12]. We are aware of one previous study that assessed 22 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for CFS for indices of past and current viral infection (BK virus; cytomegalovirus; Epstein-Barr virus; hepatitis C virus; herpes simplex virus 1 and 2; human herpes v ...
Hepatitis A Virus
... HAV transmission through blood is rare but well documented. It can be amplified in neonatal intensive care units where multiple infants develop infection after receiving aliquots of blood components from an infected donor. The rarity of transmission in adults is attributed to the short infectious vi ...
... HAV transmission through blood is rare but well documented. It can be amplified in neonatal intensive care units where multiple infants develop infection after receiving aliquots of blood components from an infected donor. The rarity of transmission in adults is attributed to the short infectious vi ...
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.