Smallpox vaccine
... fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1.3%; it was 7% among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior, and 11% among those vaccinated 20 or more years prior to infection. By contrast, 52% of unvaccinated persons died.[37] There are side effects and risks associate ...
... fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1.3%; it was 7% among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior, and 11% among those vaccinated 20 or more years prior to infection. By contrast, 52% of unvaccinated persons died.[37] There are side effects and risks associate ...
Group A Streptococcal Infection - Sandwell and West Birmingham
... Group A streptococci (GAS) are a type of bacteria. Many people carry these bacteria harmlessly in their throat or on their skin, and have no symptoms of illness; this is known as being “colonised”. At any one time, up to 1 in 5 people can be colonised with GAS. Infection occurs when people with GAS ...
... Group A streptococci (GAS) are a type of bacteria. Many people carry these bacteria harmlessly in their throat or on their skin, and have no symptoms of illness; this is known as being “colonised”. At any one time, up to 1 in 5 people can be colonised with GAS. Infection occurs when people with GAS ...
Open full article - Acta Veterinaria Brno
... Rhabdoviruses constitute one of the largest groups of viruses isolated from fish, and are mostly associated with epizootics and heavy losses in intensive fish farming. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is the most important viral disease and produces high losses in rainbow trout and other sal ...
... Rhabdoviruses constitute one of the largest groups of viruses isolated from fish, and are mostly associated with epizootics and heavy losses in intensive fish farming. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is the most important viral disease and produces high losses in rainbow trout and other sal ...
Isolation and identification of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus
... nasal discharges. Present findings are not in agreement with the results of Diop et al., (2005), who reported the highest values 84.6 percent (22/26) from ocular, nasal and mouth lesions during outbreak in goat flocks in Senegal (Table-1). The higher values may correspond to the difference in the na ...
... nasal discharges. Present findings are not in agreement with the results of Diop et al., (2005), who reported the highest values 84.6 percent (22/26) from ocular, nasal and mouth lesions during outbreak in goat flocks in Senegal (Table-1). The higher values may correspond to the difference in the na ...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
... an infectious viral disease of swine that is easily transmitted through direct contact to susceptible pigs and vertically to foetuses. PRRS is considered the most economically important viral disease of intensive swine farms in Europe and North America. It is characterised by reproductive failure in ...
... an infectious viral disease of swine that is easily transmitted through direct contact to susceptible pigs and vertically to foetuses. PRRS is considered the most economically important viral disease of intensive swine farms in Europe and North America. It is characterised by reproductive failure in ...
Ch 19 Notes - Dublin Schools
... • Flu epidemics are caused by new strains of influenza virus to which people have little immunity • Viral diseases in a small isolated population can emerge and become global • New viral diseases can emerge when viruses spread from animals to humans • Viral strains that jump species can exchange ge ...
... • Flu epidemics are caused by new strains of influenza virus to which people have little immunity • Viral diseases in a small isolated population can emerge and become global • New viral diseases can emerge when viruses spread from animals to humans • Viral strains that jump species can exchange ge ...
On the concept and elucidation of endogenous retroviruses
... associated with thymic lymphomas. Thus, a complex pattern of recombination as well as insertional mutagenesis eventually leads to disease [43]. In cats, the exogenous feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) with an A envelope recombines with endogenous envs to give rise to leukaemogenic FeLV-B [43,44]. On the ...
... associated with thymic lymphomas. Thus, a complex pattern of recombination as well as insertional mutagenesis eventually leads to disease [43]. In cats, the exogenous feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) with an A envelope recombines with endogenous envs to give rise to leukaemogenic FeLV-B [43,44]. On the ...
Viruses - World Health Organization
... more stable than either polio 1 or HAV. They are reported to be more resistant to inactivation by UV than enteroviruses and sometimes are detected at higher levels in polluted waters (Crabtree et al. 1997). This suggests that the enteric adenoviruses may survive for prolonged periods in water, repre ...
... more stable than either polio 1 or HAV. They are reported to be more resistant to inactivation by UV than enteroviruses and sometimes are detected at higher levels in polluted waters (Crabtree et al. 1997). This suggests that the enteric adenoviruses may survive for prolonged periods in water, repre ...
West Nile Virus: Basic Principles, Replication
... West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family of single-stranded RNA viruses with linear non-segmented genomes. More than 58 members belong to the Flaviviridae family, whose name comes from the word “flavi”, Latin for “yellow”, because one of the most famous flaviviruses is the Yellow ...
... West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family of single-stranded RNA viruses with linear non-segmented genomes. More than 58 members belong to the Flaviviridae family, whose name comes from the word “flavi”, Latin for “yellow”, because one of the most famous flaviviruses is the Yellow ...
Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Ruminants
... titers to BVDV were detected on farms on which PI crias were present.26 The herd-level prevalence is 25% where crias were tested in 63 alpaca herds in the United States.27 Historically, seroepidemiologic and experimental infection studies suggested that New World camelids could be infected with BVDV ...
... titers to BVDV were detected on farms on which PI crias were present.26 The herd-level prevalence is 25% where crias were tested in 63 alpaca herds in the United States.27 Historically, seroepidemiologic and experimental infection studies suggested that New World camelids could be infected with BVDV ...
PART I 2. “Prolonged Influenza by Mutation
... clinical and epidemiological observations, the number of cases already exceeds the common flu. This flu would be a mutation of the common influenza virus that no longer lasts 7 days, but extends from 30 to 60 days with relapses. The fact that the number of cases matches or exceeds the number of the ...
... clinical and epidemiological observations, the number of cases already exceeds the common flu. This flu would be a mutation of the common influenza virus that no longer lasts 7 days, but extends from 30 to 60 days with relapses. The fact that the number of cases matches or exceeds the number of the ...
Principals of Animal Diseases
... Coughing, diarrhea, fever, discharge Common in young animals Shipping stress Antibiotics and sulfa drugs ...
... Coughing, diarrhea, fever, discharge Common in young animals Shipping stress Antibiotics and sulfa drugs ...
Principals of Animal Diseases
... Coughing, diarrhea, fever, discharge Common in young animals Shipping stress Antibiotics and sulfa drugs ...
... Coughing, diarrhea, fever, discharge Common in young animals Shipping stress Antibiotics and sulfa drugs ...
Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illness
... testing is performed, stool culture can provide a definitive diagnosis of infectious diarrhea and is useful for outbreak identification. In most outpatients who have self-limiting gastroenteritis, a stool culture does not affect management.4 Bacteria are the most common cause of non–self-limiting fo ...
... testing is performed, stool culture can provide a definitive diagnosis of infectious diarrhea and is useful for outbreak identification. In most outpatients who have self-limiting gastroenteritis, a stool culture does not affect management.4 Bacteria are the most common cause of non–self-limiting fo ...
INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS (IPN) OF SALMONID FISHES
... have been intensively investigated (McAllister 1979; Pilcher and Fryer 1980; Wolf 1976). The IPN virion is an unenve10ped icosahedral particle measuring about 60 nm in diameter and containing three or four structural proteins and two segments of double-stranded RNA. These characteristics suggest tha ...
... have been intensively investigated (McAllister 1979; Pilcher and Fryer 1980; Wolf 1976). The IPN virion is an unenve10ped icosahedral particle measuring about 60 nm in diameter and containing three or four structural proteins and two segments of double-stranded RNA. These characteristics suggest tha ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Biology and Pathogenesis of Lentiviruses
... strategies that surpass those of any other known pathogen. Studies on immunization have shown that the viruses are poor immunogens for the induction of protective antibodies but this varies among the virus families. The 'Achilles heel' of these viruses lies in their absolute dependence on blood and ...
... strategies that surpass those of any other known pathogen. Studies on immunization have shown that the viruses are poor immunogens for the induction of protective antibodies but this varies among the virus families. The 'Achilles heel' of these viruses lies in their absolute dependence on blood and ...
H.Influenzae - WordPress.com
... 1. Goldman DA. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(10 suppl):S97. 2. Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JO. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:828. 3. Dick EC et al. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:442. 4. Gwaltney JM Jr. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. ...
... 1. Goldman DA. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(10 suppl):S97. 2. Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JO. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:828. 3. Dick EC et al. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:442. 4. Gwaltney JM Jr. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. ...
Zika Virus, a New Threat for Europe?
... albopictus is known to have been present since 1979 [12]. We demonstrated that ZIKV was amplified and expectorated efficiently in saliva by European Ae. aegypti from Madeira. This contrasts with the lower vector competence for ZIKV of French Ae. albopictus. Taking these ...
... albopictus is known to have been present since 1979 [12]. We demonstrated that ZIKV was amplified and expectorated efficiently in saliva by European Ae. aegypti from Madeira. This contrasts with the lower vector competence for ZIKV of French Ae. albopictus. Taking these ...
Pediatric Viral Exanthema: A Review Article
... the incidence of measles has markedly decreased, compared with prevaccine eras. Despite high vaccination coverage, measles outbreak continues to occur in both developed and developing countries, and the disease is still regarded as a major health burden (10, 11). Following incubation for 10 days, me ...
... the incidence of measles has markedly decreased, compared with prevaccine eras. Despite high vaccination coverage, measles outbreak continues to occur in both developed and developing countries, and the disease is still regarded as a major health burden (10, 11). Following incubation for 10 days, me ...
Preface Pandemic
... Since then, the virus has infected over 200 people in the Eastern Hemisphere, with a mortality rate of over 50 percent. It is impossible to predict whether the H5N1 virus will lead to a pandemic, but history suggests that if it does not, another novel influenza virus will emerge at some point in the ...
... Since then, the virus has infected over 200 people in the Eastern Hemisphere, with a mortality rate of over 50 percent. It is impossible to predict whether the H5N1 virus will lead to a pandemic, but history suggests that if it does not, another novel influenza virus will emerge at some point in the ...
un/scetdg/25/inf.43
... Category B: An infectious substance that does not meet the criteria for inclusion in category A, unless shipped in a cultured (laboratory stocks) form. Although the method of classification has been changed, UN3373 “Diagnostic specimens” or “Clinical specimens” has been retained but redefined, and t ...
... Category B: An infectious substance that does not meet the criteria for inclusion in category A, unless shipped in a cultured (laboratory stocks) form. Although the method of classification has been changed, UN3373 “Diagnostic specimens” or “Clinical specimens” has been retained but redefined, and t ...
Infectious Mononucleosis as a Cause of Severe
... We present a patient with PT associated to IM in which the viral infection was the cause of false severe thrombopenia. Such cases have rarely been described in the literature [4, 5]. A 16-year-old female was admitted to our department with neck adenopathies during the last week, accompanied by asthe ...
... We present a patient with PT associated to IM in which the viral infection was the cause of false severe thrombopenia. Such cases have rarely been described in the literature [4, 5]. A 16-year-old female was admitted to our department with neck adenopathies during the last week, accompanied by asthe ...
sulted in statistically significantly more toxicity than did fluconazole
... isolates from autochthonous cases that occurred during the 2007 Italian outbreak (strains ITA7_BIO_07 and ITA8_VEN_07, obtained in September 2007) were included in the sequence analysis, together with an isolate obtained from a mosquito during the Italian outbreak (available from GenBank). All 7 iso ...
... isolates from autochthonous cases that occurred during the 2007 Italian outbreak (strains ITA7_BIO_07 and ITA8_VEN_07, obtained in September 2007) were included in the sequence analysis, together with an isolate obtained from a mosquito during the Italian outbreak (available from GenBank). All 7 iso ...
Epidemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia
... surveys, yielding an upper 95% limit (Poisson distribution) for proportion of equine deaths of 8% (or 400). Most of the equines (83%) owned by survey respondents were donkeys: 92% of these animals were vaccinated but only 5 (8%) of 60 had been vaccinated before the epidemic’s onset. All 10 unvaccina ...
... surveys, yielding an upper 95% limit (Poisson distribution) for proportion of equine deaths of 8% (or 400). Most of the equines (83%) owned by survey respondents were donkeys: 92% of these animals were vaccinated but only 5 (8%) of 60 had been vaccinated before the epidemic’s onset. All 10 unvaccina ...
(HFRS) caused by hantaviruses Puumala and
... most cases with a mild form of HFRS. Various genotypes exist within the species Dobrava-Belgrade virus and they cause diseases of different severity [7]. In addition, hantavirus infection exhibits individual differences ranging from subclinical to fatal outcome. The reasons for the variation of seve ...
... most cases with a mild form of HFRS. Various genotypes exist within the species Dobrava-Belgrade virus and they cause diseases of different severity [7]. In addition, hantavirus infection exhibits individual differences ranging from subclinical to fatal outcome. The reasons for the variation of seve ...
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.