INFECTIOUS SALMON ANAEMIA IN ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMO
... lakes and at sea sites with no generational splits, and movement of fish between sites. At some sites the salmon were weakened due to high stocking densities and the presence of additional pathogens. It was found that the sea louse, Caligus rogercresseyi could act as a mechanical vector, and possibl ...
... lakes and at sea sites with no generational splits, and movement of fish between sites. At some sites the salmon were weakened due to high stocking densities and the presence of additional pathogens. It was found that the sea louse, Caligus rogercresseyi could act as a mechanical vector, and possibl ...
What is mumps? What are the usual symptoms of mumps? What are
... The testes (testicles) are sometimes affected. One testis may become inflamed, swollen, and painful for about a week. This is uncommon in young children. However, about 1 in 4 males who get mumps over the age of 12 develops a painful swollen testis. Occasionally, both testes are affected. In very ra ...
... The testes (testicles) are sometimes affected. One testis may become inflamed, swollen, and painful for about a week. This is uncommon in young children. However, about 1 in 4 males who get mumps over the age of 12 develops a painful swollen testis. Occasionally, both testes are affected. In very ra ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
... worse, some studies suggested in some cats that this vaccine might actually contributed to disease progression through ADE process (McArdle et al., 1995; Scott et al., 1995a). d) FCoV is a large RNA viruses and like other RNA viruses, its replication is error-prone and has a high estimated mutation ...
... worse, some studies suggested in some cats that this vaccine might actually contributed to disease progression through ADE process (McArdle et al., 1995; Scott et al., 1995a). d) FCoV is a large RNA viruses and like other RNA viruses, its replication is error-prone and has a high estimated mutation ...
FIP_SAVA2016x
... and a genetic deficiency in their cellular immunity is thought to predispose them to the disease. Transmission: Feline coronavirus is shed mainly in the faeces, both from cats with enteric FCoV infection and from cats with FIP, thus it is mostly spread by the faecal–oral route. In early stages of in ...
... and a genetic deficiency in their cellular immunity is thought to predispose them to the disease. Transmission: Feline coronavirus is shed mainly in the faeces, both from cats with enteric FCoV infection and from cats with FIP, thus it is mostly spread by the faecal–oral route. In early stages of in ...
Enteric Viruses
... waterborne pathogens in drinking water. For these types of contaminants, the focus should be on characterizing source water risks and ensuring that effective treatment barriers are in place to achieve safe drinking water. Generally, minimum treatment of supplies derived from surface water sources or ...
... waterborne pathogens in drinking water. For these types of contaminants, the focus should be on characterizing source water risks and ensuring that effective treatment barriers are in place to achieve safe drinking water. Generally, minimum treatment of supplies derived from surface water sources or ...
Breast-Milk Infectivity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
... HIV-1 breast-milk virus loads in the mother during the breastfeeding period, perhaps through antiretroviral treatment, and to encourage women with advanced disease to avoid breastfeeding. The major strengths of this study are its prospective design; frequent sampling schedule for infant blood, to al ...
... HIV-1 breast-milk virus loads in the mother during the breastfeeding period, perhaps through antiretroviral treatment, and to encourage women with advanced disease to avoid breastfeeding. The major strengths of this study are its prospective design; frequent sampling schedule for infant blood, to al ...
The Polio Vaccine
... Polio is virtually nonexistent in the United States today. However, according to Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, medical investigator and pediatrician, there is no credible scientific evidence that the vaccine caused polio to disappear [50]. From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introdu ...
... Polio is virtually nonexistent in the United States today. However, according to Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, medical investigator and pediatrician, there is no credible scientific evidence that the vaccine caused polio to disappear [50]. From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introdu ...
Hepatitis B Vaccine Virus Escape
... HBV e antigen (HBeAg). The HBsAg is a major viral protein inducing protective immune responses in humans. This antigen is found on the surface of the viral envelope and is also found in high concentrations in the serum of infected patients. The presence of HBsAg in serum for more than 6 months indic ...
... HBV e antigen (HBeAg). The HBsAg is a major viral protein inducing protective immune responses in humans. This antigen is found on the surface of the viral envelope and is also found in high concentrations in the serum of infected patients. The presence of HBsAg in serum for more than 6 months indic ...
Oral mucosal lesions caused by infective microorganisms I. Viruses
... Whitlow) can induce painful locally severe lesions in which surgical intervention may lead to spread of the virus and is thus contraindicated (89, 90). Herpetic Whitlow was an occupational hazard for dental professionals prior to initiation of universal infection control measures such as gloving for ...
... Whitlow) can induce painful locally severe lesions in which surgical intervention may lead to spread of the virus and is thus contraindicated (89, 90). Herpetic Whitlow was an occupational hazard for dental professionals prior to initiation of universal infection control measures such as gloving for ...
Vaccination of Non-Domestic Carnivores
... adenovirus (CAV) became possible in the late 1940’s, when egg-adapted vaccines became available on a commercial basis, followed by tissue culture adapted vaccines in the late 1950’s (Piercy 1961). Before this time these devastating diseases had to be controlled through quarantine and vigilance in ca ...
... adenovirus (CAV) became possible in the late 1940’s, when egg-adapted vaccines became available on a commercial basis, followed by tissue culture adapted vaccines in the late 1950’s (Piercy 1961). Before this time these devastating diseases had to be controlled through quarantine and vigilance in ca ...
University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover - Ti
... affect the efficacy of the immune system, which leads to vaccination failure and increased susceptibility to many pathogens. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a relevant immunosuppressive virus of chickens. It is a dsRNA virus targeting primarily the immature IgM+ B-cells residing in the bur ...
... affect the efficacy of the immune system, which leads to vaccination failure and increased susceptibility to many pathogens. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a relevant immunosuppressive virus of chickens. It is a dsRNA virus targeting primarily the immature IgM+ B-cells residing in the bur ...
The Polio Vaccine - ThinkTwice Global Vaccine Institute
... polio will become paralyzed or die. However, in most infections caused by polio there are few distinctive symptoms [2]. In fact, 95 percent of everyone who is exposed to the natural polio virus won’t exhibit any symptoms, even under epidemic conditions [3,4]. About 5 percent of infected people will ...
... polio will become paralyzed or die. However, in most infections caused by polio there are few distinctive symptoms [2]. In fact, 95 percent of everyone who is exposed to the natural polio virus won’t exhibit any symptoms, even under epidemic conditions [3,4]. About 5 percent of infected people will ...
Herpesviruses in periodontal diseases
... of the agent and destruction of the infected cell, or to a prolonged period of latency. DNA viruses (except poxviruses) replicate in the nucleus and are more likely to persist in the host, whereas RNA viruses (except retroviruses) replicate in the cytoplasm. Viral replication starts with the virion ...
... of the agent and destruction of the infected cell, or to a prolonged period of latency. DNA viruses (except poxviruses) replicate in the nucleus and are more likely to persist in the host, whereas RNA viruses (except retroviruses) replicate in the cytoplasm. Viral replication starts with the virion ...
MEDICAL GRANDROUNDS
... carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and (in patients with immunodeficiencies) B cell lymphoma. ...
... carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and (in patients with immunodeficiencies) B cell lymphoma. ...
Public Health Action in Emergencies Caused by
... industrial food processing. Some of the increase, however, may be apparent rather than real, since better medical and epidemiological coverage in developing countries has improved the surveillance of these diseases, and outbreaks are now reported that would formerly have gone unnoticed. These reason ...
... industrial food processing. Some of the increase, however, may be apparent rather than real, since better medical and epidemiological coverage in developing countries has improved the surveillance of these diseases, and outbreaks are now reported that would formerly have gone unnoticed. These reason ...
risk analysis - Ministry for Primary Industries
... publication Surveillance. For less commonly diagnosed endemic organisms a reference is given to substantiate the classification. Palyam viruses have been listed as exotic on the basis that they have not been recorded as occurring in New Zealand. All other organisms listed as exotic have been classif ...
... publication Surveillance. For less commonly diagnosed endemic organisms a reference is given to substantiate the classification. Palyam viruses have been listed as exotic on the basis that they have not been recorded as occurring in New Zealand. All other organisms listed as exotic have been classif ...
Developing_home_hygiene_practice_targeted_hygiene
... occur including food and water hygiene, hand hygiene, and hygiene related to care of vulnerable groups. In most developing countries, disposal of human and animal excreta and other types of waste is often also, either partly or wholly, the responsibility of the family and community. In many/most cou ...
... occur including food and water hygiene, hand hygiene, and hygiene related to care of vulnerable groups. In most developing countries, disposal of human and animal excreta and other types of waste is often also, either partly or wholly, the responsibility of the family and community. In many/most cou ...
AAV8-hFIX19 Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics at
... AAV8-hFIX19 is unable to replicate independently, even in the presence of a helper virus, since it lacks the rep and cap genes required for rescue/packaging. Similarly, the mechanism of the site-specific integration into the genome of the host cell involves AAV Rep proteins which are absent in AAV8- ...
... AAV8-hFIX19 is unable to replicate independently, even in the presence of a helper virus, since it lacks the rep and cap genes required for rescue/packaging. Similarly, the mechanism of the site-specific integration into the genome of the host cell involves AAV Rep proteins which are absent in AAV8- ...
Theories on Varicella Zoster Virus Reactivation
... Chickenpox, the popular name for varicella, was a common childhood rash until the varicella vaccine was licensed for use in the United States in 1995. Prior to the introduction of the varicella vaccine, over 90% of Americans contracted chickenpox by age 15 (Chickenpox 2013). Chickenpox symptoms typi ...
... Chickenpox, the popular name for varicella, was a common childhood rash until the varicella vaccine was licensed for use in the United States in 1995. Prior to the introduction of the varicella vaccine, over 90% of Americans contracted chickenpox by age 15 (Chickenpox 2013). Chickenpox symptoms typi ...
KURUKULASURIYA-DISSERTATION-2017
... demonstrated homologous and heterologous protection by SK09 as a vaccine candidate. In conclusion, the overall findings in this thesis demonstrate that vIBDV-SK09 is pathogenic, not amenable to current commercial IBD vaccines, and can cause immunosuppression which in turn may increase the susceptibi ...
... demonstrated homologous and heterologous protection by SK09 as a vaccine candidate. In conclusion, the overall findings in this thesis demonstrate that vIBDV-SK09 is pathogenic, not amenable to current commercial IBD vaccines, and can cause immunosuppression which in turn may increase the susceptibi ...
2. - Environmental Public Health Today
... 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). National Influenza Vaccination Week. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/nivw/index.htm 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). FluView: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report Prepared by the Influenza Division. http ...
... 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). National Influenza Vaccination Week. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/nivw/index.htm 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). FluView: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report Prepared by the Influenza Division. http ...
bioelisa EBV-EBNA IgG 96T
... belongs to the herpes virus family. Approximately 90% of adults universally are infected by EBV. After primary infection, the virus persists for life in the host in a latent state, which may be reactivated in immunocompromised patients such as HIV infection or organ transplant recipients. The virus ...
... belongs to the herpes virus family. Approximately 90% of adults universally are infected by EBV. After primary infection, the virus persists for life in the host in a latent state, which may be reactivated in immunocompromised patients such as HIV infection or organ transplant recipients. The virus ...
F441 §483.65 Infection Control §483.65(a) Infection Control
... • “Antifungal” refers to a medication used to treat a fungal infection such as athlete’s foot, ringworm or candidiasis. • “Anti-infective” refers to a group of medications used to treat infections. • “Antiseptic hand wash” is “washing hands with water and soap or other detergents containing an antis ...
... • “Antifungal” refers to a medication used to treat a fungal infection such as athlete’s foot, ringworm or candidiasis. • “Anti-infective” refers to a group of medications used to treat infections. • “Antiseptic hand wash” is “washing hands with water and soap or other detergents containing an antis ...
CO.04 NOVEL LYSSAVIRUS FROM A MINIOPTERUS
... caves in large numbers (thousands) for wintering, moving in spring to different and sometimes distant summer roosts for reproduction. Due to its migratory habits and typically large size of populations of this bat, it is quite probable that once an infectious agent is introduced, it may spread quick ...
... caves in large numbers (thousands) for wintering, moving in spring to different and sometimes distant summer roosts for reproduction. Due to its migratory habits and typically large size of populations of this bat, it is quite probable that once an infectious agent is introduced, it may spread quick ...
Serological Testing for Suspected Viral Hepatitis
... The main route of HCV transmission is injection drug use associated with the use of contaminated needles and syringes. Other less common routes are occupational/needle accidents and percutaneous exposure such as tattooing. Although sexual transmission has been described, it is an inefficient mode of ...
... The main route of HCV transmission is injection drug use associated with the use of contaminated needles and syringes. Other less common routes are occupational/needle accidents and percutaneous exposure such as tattooing. Although sexual transmission has been described, it is an inefficient mode of ...
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.