The Spanish Flu – Part II: the second and third wave
... enza“. He also pointed out the possibility of the disease being caused by a virus 17. It was in this year that the influenza virus was isolated from swine, and two years later, so was the human virus. A clinical picture of the Spanish Flu was well depicted by Dr. Dimitrije Antiü on a poster printed ...
... enza“. He also pointed out the possibility of the disease being caused by a virus 17. It was in this year that the influenza virus was isolated from swine, and two years later, so was the human virus. A clinical picture of the Spanish Flu was well depicted by Dr. Dimitrije Antiü on a poster printed ...
Evidence for emergence of an amphibian iridoviral disease because
... rainbow trout) than other amphibian isolates. Despite monophyly based on capsid protein sequences, there was low genetic divergence among all strains (< 1.1%) based on a supergene analysis of the capsid protein and the two noncoding regions. These analyses also showed polyphyly of strains from Arizo ...
... rainbow trout) than other amphibian isolates. Despite monophyly based on capsid protein sequences, there was low genetic divergence among all strains (< 1.1%) based on a supergene analysis of the capsid protein and the two noncoding regions. These analyses also showed polyphyly of strains from Arizo ...
Recognising exotic diseases of pigs
... Swine influenza (SI) is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs. SI is caused by influenza A viruses, which are further characterised by subtypes. The most common subtypes are H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2. SI is endemic in many countries overseas, but until 2009 influenza virus had not been detected in p ...
... Swine influenza (SI) is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs. SI is caused by influenza A viruses, which are further characterised by subtypes. The most common subtypes are H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2. SI is endemic in many countries overseas, but until 2009 influenza virus had not been detected in p ...
application to conduct research involving
... Use of infectious restricted pox viruses, or defective restricted poxviruses in the presence of helper virus shall be determined on a case-by-case basis following NIH/OBA review. A USDA permit is required for work with plant or animal pathogens. ...
... Use of infectious restricted pox viruses, or defective restricted poxviruses in the presence of helper virus shall be determined on a case-by-case basis following NIH/OBA review. A USDA permit is required for work with plant or animal pathogens. ...
Viral bacterial co-infection of the respiratory tract during early
... viruses and bacteria can be carried commensally in the nasopharynx. Sputum samples for laboratory diagnosis can be difficult to obtain and bacterial detection in LRT samples could hypothetically be attributed to contaminating URT flora. Even once the causative agents have been determined, inherent d ...
... viruses and bacteria can be carried commensally in the nasopharynx. Sputum samples for laboratory diagnosis can be difficult to obtain and bacterial detection in LRT samples could hypothetically be attributed to contaminating URT flora. Even once the causative agents have been determined, inherent d ...
4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology 4.7.2 Clinical features 4.7.3
... 4.7.1 Virology The influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA orthomyxoviruses. They are classified antigenically as types A, B or C, but generally only influenza A and B cause severe disease in humans.1 Influenza viruses possess two surface glycoprotein antigens: the haemagglutinin (H), which is inv ...
... 4.7.1 Virology The influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA orthomyxoviruses. They are classified antigenically as types A, B or C, but generally only influenza A and B cause severe disease in humans.1 Influenza viruses possess two surface glycoprotein antigens: the haemagglutinin (H), which is inv ...
Swine flu - infectious diseases content sampler
... reported in four children in Texas with S-OIV developed, though all four recovered fully [20]. There are few characteristics of this pandemic which appear unusual compared with a typical influenza seasonal outbreak. First, the percentage of patients requiring hospitalization (2—6%) appears to be high ...
... reported in four children in Texas with S-OIV developed, though all four recovered fully [20]. There are few characteristics of this pandemic which appear unusual compared with a typical influenza seasonal outbreak. First, the percentage of patients requiring hospitalization (2—6%) appears to be high ...
Living with the IPN virus
... Our title reflects the fact that the eradication of the IPN-virus from salmon farming is no longer considered to be a viable strategy. This is one of the most hardy of all the viruses, and it has developed cunning strategies to ensure that it will be reproduced in its fish host, and survive in the e ...
... Our title reflects the fact that the eradication of the IPN-virus from salmon farming is no longer considered to be a viable strategy. This is one of the most hardy of all the viruses, and it has developed cunning strategies to ensure that it will be reproduced in its fish host, and survive in the e ...
Biological Materials Shipping Form
... 7. Effective January 2006, shipping papers must be retained by shippers (your office) for two (2) years. You may be required to produce these documents in the event of an inspection by federal agencies. 8. Emergency Response Information a. Chemtrec is our contracted, 24-hour response for emergencies ...
... 7. Effective January 2006, shipping papers must be retained by shippers (your office) for two (2) years. You may be required to produce these documents in the event of an inspection by federal agencies. 8. Emergency Response Information a. Chemtrec is our contracted, 24-hour response for emergencies ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... The influenza A virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA virus that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A is comprised of eight genes, which encode at least eleven different proteins (Horimoto and Kawaoka, 2005; Steinhauer and Skehel, 2002; Subbarao and Joseph, 2007). T ...
... The influenza A virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA virus that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A is comprised of eight genes, which encode at least eleven different proteins (Horimoto and Kawaoka, 2005; Steinhauer and Skehel, 2002; Subbarao and Joseph, 2007). T ...
Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)
... 1. Introduction 1.1 HTLV epidemiology The Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) belong to Retroviridae family, genus Deltaretrovirus. Currently they are classified into four types: 1, 2, 3 and 4. The HTLV-1 was described in 1980 (Poiez et al., 1980) and since then has been identified on all five conti ...
... 1. Introduction 1.1 HTLV epidemiology The Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) belong to Retroviridae family, genus Deltaretrovirus. Currently they are classified into four types: 1, 2, 3 and 4. The HTLV-1 was described in 1980 (Poiez et al., 1980) and since then has been identified on all five conti ...
Fact Sheet: Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus
... Continue to increase vaccination campaign quality and improve surveillance, the same tactics used to stop WPV. Switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV. Trivalent OPV contains weakened forms of all three strains of polio, including type 2. Wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999. The weakened typ ...
... Continue to increase vaccination campaign quality and improve surveillance, the same tactics used to stop WPV. Switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV. Trivalent OPV contains weakened forms of all three strains of polio, including type 2. Wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999. The weakened typ ...
Risks associated with vaccinia virus in the laboratory
... As shown in Fig. 2, nearly half of all studies involving VACV are not related to orthopoxvirus research, but instead use VACV as a research tool. These types of studies can be broadly grouped into two areas: studies that use VACV as a protein expression or antigen delivery tool for basic immunology ...
... As shown in Fig. 2, nearly half of all studies involving VACV are not related to orthopoxvirus research, but instead use VACV as a research tool. These types of studies can be broadly grouped into two areas: studies that use VACV as a protein expression or antigen delivery tool for basic immunology ...
Wild great apes as sentinels and sources of infectious disease
... closest evolutionary relatives of humans, facilitating microorganism transmission, which has, for example, led to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 [8]. Second, it has been shown that great apes suffer from acute and chronic diseases of high importance to humans, such as those caused b ...
... closest evolutionary relatives of humans, facilitating microorganism transmission, which has, for example, led to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 [8]. Second, it has been shown that great apes suffer from acute and chronic diseases of high importance to humans, such as those caused b ...
Amelioration of chicken infectious anaemia virus induced
... recombinant (r)-DNA vaccine and immune complex vaccine have been recently reported to be protective (SCHAT, 2009; DHAMA et al., 2008). As with other viral infections, there is no specific therapeutic approach for the treatment of CIA infected birds; however, broad spectrum antibiotics are generally ...
... recombinant (r)-DNA vaccine and immune complex vaccine have been recently reported to be protective (SCHAT, 2009; DHAMA et al., 2008). As with other viral infections, there is no specific therapeutic approach for the treatment of CIA infected birds; however, broad spectrum antibiotics are generally ...
Introduction and Review of literature
... al., 2006). HAV infection is mainly propagated via the fecal-oral route as the person-to-person contact is the most common mode of transmission (Mast and Alter, 1993). HAV survival in contaminated fomites, such as sanitary paper, sanitary tile and latex gloves, is very long (Abad et al., 1994a). In ...
... al., 2006). HAV infection is mainly propagated via the fecal-oral route as the person-to-person contact is the most common mode of transmission (Mast and Alter, 1993). HAV survival in contaminated fomites, such as sanitary paper, sanitary tile and latex gloves, is very long (Abad et al., 1994a). In ...
IDSA Recommendations on Addressing the Zika Virus Outbreak
... Improve our public health capacity to prevent, detect, and contain Zika within the U.S. To respond to domestic infectious disease outbreaks, federal, state, and local health departments must have modern laboratory, epidemiological, and surveillance capabilities, as well as the capacity to implement ...
... Improve our public health capacity to prevent, detect, and contain Zika within the U.S. To respond to domestic infectious disease outbreaks, federal, state, and local health departments must have modern laboratory, epidemiological, and surveillance capabilities, as well as the capacity to implement ...
What Should the Victor Do with the Vanquished? Deciding the Fate
... NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Finally, in October 1977, just past the ten-year goal, the last natural case of smallpox in the world occurred and was contained in Somalia. After another two and a half years of intense surveillance and verification, the eradication was made offic ...
... NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Finally, in October 1977, just past the ten-year goal, the last natural case of smallpox in the world occurred and was contained in Somalia. After another two and a half years of intense surveillance and verification, the eradication was made offic ...
THE SEARCH FOR INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF HUMAN CANCERS: WHERE AND WHY
... Epidemiological surveys identified immunosuppression as a condition resulting in the appearance of remarkably specific forms of cancer. Many of those malignancies have by now been shown to be caused by reactivated viruses, whose oncogenic potential is usually suppressed by immunological reactions. T ...
... Epidemiological surveys identified immunosuppression as a condition resulting in the appearance of remarkably specific forms of cancer. Many of those malignancies have by now been shown to be caused by reactivated viruses, whose oncogenic potential is usually suppressed by immunological reactions. T ...
Peste des petits ruminants
... On the basis of its similarities to rinderpest, canine distemper and measles viruses, PPRV has been classified within the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae (Gibbs et al., 1979). Virus members of this group have six structural proteins: the nucleocapsid protein (N), which encapsulate ...
... On the basis of its similarities to rinderpest, canine distemper and measles viruses, PPRV has been classified within the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae (Gibbs et al., 1979). Virus members of this group have six structural proteins: the nucleocapsid protein (N), which encapsulate ...
LACTOFERRIN MODULATES HSV-1 INFECTION AT EARLY
... The abstract should describe the purpose of the study and the major results and conclusions. If you prefer breaking the text into paragraphs, please do not leave space between them. Oral mucosa is a frequent site of primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 infection. However, although intraoral she ...
... The abstract should describe the purpose of the study and the major results and conclusions. If you prefer breaking the text into paragraphs, please do not leave space between them. Oral mucosa is a frequent site of primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 infection. However, although intraoral she ...
Isolation and Characterization of BoHV
... in different states of India in the past. The BoHV-1 virus becomes latent following a primary infection with field virus or vaccination with an attenuated strain (Radostits et al., 2000). The viral DNA remains in the neurons of trigeminal ganglia in case of respiratory infection and sacral ganglion ...
... in different states of India in the past. The BoHV-1 virus becomes latent following a primary infection with field virus or vaccination with an attenuated strain (Radostits et al., 2000). The viral DNA remains in the neurons of trigeminal ganglia in case of respiratory infection and sacral ganglion ...
Employee Illness Sample Policy - Mesa County Health Department
... be spread through food from an infected person. Additionally, children under the age of five years old and those with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for foodborne illness. Food handling activities include preparation of any food (i.e. washing, cutting, cooking, and portioning), the mi ...
... be spread through food from an infected person. Additionally, children under the age of five years old and those with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for foodborne illness. Food handling activities include preparation of any food (i.e. washing, cutting, cooking, and portioning), the mi ...
Infection Control - University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
... Author: Patricia L Hibberd, MD, PhD; Section Editor: Martin S Hirsch, MD; Deputy Editor: Anna R Thorner, MD Literature review current through: Nov 2016. | This topic last updated: Oct 26, 2016. INTRODUCTION — Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza A or B viruses. It occurs in ...
... Author: Patricia L Hibberd, MD, PhD; Section Editor: Martin S Hirsch, MD; Deputy Editor: Anna R Thorner, MD Literature review current through: Nov 2016. | This topic last updated: Oct 26, 2016. INTRODUCTION — Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza A or B viruses. It occurs in ...
Appendix B: Provincial Case Definitions for Reportable Diseases
... Two stool specimens and a throat swab should be submitted from all cases of AFP to allow appropriate testing for poliomyelitis For immunocompromised individuals, a negative test does not rule out infection as poliovirus may be excreted intermittently Asymptomatic shedding of the poliovirus in the st ...
... Two stool specimens and a throat swab should be submitted from all cases of AFP to allow appropriate testing for poliomyelitis For immunocompromised individuals, a negative test does not rule out infection as poliovirus may be excreted intermittently Asymptomatic shedding of the poliovirus in the st ...
Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics.Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses.The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). H17 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012. H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013.Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but not others, some are pathogenic to multiple species.A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed, and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu, and colloquially, bird flu. In 2011, researchers reported the discovery of an antibody effective against all types of the influenza A virus.