![Non-Vector Transmission of Dengue and Other Mosquito](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003019033_1-e85ca49545d7b5f96374f366e98e4748-300x300.png)
Non-Vector Transmission of Dengue and Other Mosquito
... likelihood of direct transmission include stability of shed virus in the environment, the immune status of those potentially exposed, the size of the inoculum and the route of virus contact and entry[9]. Virus shedding may vary among the flaviviruses, may be different in humans as compared to experi ...
... likelihood of direct transmission include stability of shed virus in the environment, the immune status of those potentially exposed, the size of the inoculum and the route of virus contact and entry[9]. Virus shedding may vary among the flaviviruses, may be different in humans as compared to experi ...
isolation and characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in
... examination of the trachea, characteristic severe hemorrhages and mucus plugs are observed (Cover, 1996; Sellers et al., 2004). The clinical signs associated with less severe forms of the disease include conjunctivitis, swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, closed eyes, persistent nasal discharge an ...
... examination of the trachea, characteristic severe hemorrhages and mucus plugs are observed (Cover, 1996; Sellers et al., 2004). The clinical signs associated with less severe forms of the disease include conjunctivitis, swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, closed eyes, persistent nasal discharge an ...
The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and
... [email protected]; Tel.: 410-955-3459 Academic Editor: Richard K. Plemper Received: 15 August 2016; Accepted: 6 October 2016; Published: 12 October 2016 ...
... [email protected]; Tel.: 410-955-3459 Academic Editor: Richard K. Plemper Received: 15 August 2016; Accepted: 6 October 2016; Published: 12 October 2016 ...
CH. 21 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
... A - most virulent; responsible for most epidemics, pandemics B - less virulent; causes some epidemics C - least virulent; causes mild infections Virulence: invades m.m., ciliated epithelium of nasal, oropharynx, lungs Transmission: URT secretions - droplet nuclei P/E: nasopharynx Disease: Inc. pd. 1 ...
... A - most virulent; responsible for most epidemics, pandemics B - less virulent; causes some epidemics C - least virulent; causes mild infections Virulence: invades m.m., ciliated epithelium of nasal, oropharynx, lungs Transmission: URT secretions - droplet nuclei P/E: nasopharynx Disease: Inc. pd. 1 ...
Antigens Produced by Recombinant DNA
... pressed and used to obtain region-specific antibodies (14). In addition, any part of the antigen may be expressed as a fusion protein, similar to the practice of conjugating a hapten to a larger, highly immunogenic protein (6). Such recombinant fusion proteins can be important for stimulating an imm ...
... pressed and used to obtain region-specific antibodies (14). In addition, any part of the antigen may be expressed as a fusion protein, similar to the practice of conjugating a hapten to a larger, highly immunogenic protein (6). Such recombinant fusion proteins can be important for stimulating an imm ...
Ch 11 & 12 Notes
... diseases when they enter your body and make you sick. (spread by contact with an infected person, object, animal, or source) Bacteria can be treated with antibiotics (remember that it also kills the good bacteria inside your body). Viruses can’t be treated with antibiotics, rather you are given a we ...
... diseases when they enter your body and make you sick. (spread by contact with an infected person, object, animal, or source) Bacteria can be treated with antibiotics (remember that it also kills the good bacteria inside your body). Viruses can’t be treated with antibiotics, rather you are given a we ...
Viral–bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract
... with wild-type animals (McCullers et al., 2008). In contrast, others reported reduced bacterial dissemination into the circulation and decreased mortality in PAFR / mice sequentially infected with influenza virus and S. pneumoniae (van der Sluijs et al., 2006). Yet, the low survival rate and the sev ...
... with wild-type animals (McCullers et al., 2008). In contrast, others reported reduced bacterial dissemination into the circulation and decreased mortality in PAFR / mice sequentially infected with influenza virus and S. pneumoniae (van der Sluijs et al., 2006). Yet, the low survival rate and the sev ...
The When and the Where of Zika Epidemic Potential - HAL
... Aedes mosquitoes, although non-vector-borne transmission has also been documented (sexual and maternofetal transmission and transmission through transfusion) (Musso and Gubler, 2016). Until the recent outbreaks, ZIKV had a known restricted circulation in Africa and Asia, but with only sporadic human ...
... Aedes mosquitoes, although non-vector-borne transmission has also been documented (sexual and maternofetal transmission and transmission through transfusion) (Musso and Gubler, 2016). Until the recent outbreaks, ZIKV had a known restricted circulation in Africa and Asia, but with only sporadic human ...
Infectious Mononucleosis as a Cause of Severe
... processing in a medium containing EDTA, and can be associated to autoimmune disorders, drugs, solid tumors, and myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative syndromes. The cause of the reaction with EDTA appears to be related to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (platelet fibrinogen receptor) [6, 7]. The explanat ...
... processing in a medium containing EDTA, and can be associated to autoimmune disorders, drugs, solid tumors, and myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative syndromes. The cause of the reaction with EDTA appears to be related to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (platelet fibrinogen receptor) [6, 7]. The explanat ...
Absence of Active Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Human
... molecular clock analyses showed that medical interventions before 1960, and to a lesser extent traditional practices, were linked to the transmission of HCV [14]. Such associations have not been described in southern Africa to date. In our study, HCV coinfection was very rare even though most patien ...
... molecular clock analyses showed that medical interventions before 1960, and to a lesser extent traditional practices, were linked to the transmission of HCV [14]. Such associations have not been described in southern Africa to date. In our study, HCV coinfection was very rare even though most patien ...
Absence of Active Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Human
... molecular clock analyses showed that medical interventions before 1960, and to a lesser extent traditional practices, were linked to the transmission of HCV [14]. Such associations have not been described in southern Africa to date. In our study, HCV coinfection was very rare even though most patien ...
... molecular clock analyses showed that medical interventions before 1960, and to a lesser extent traditional practices, were linked to the transmission of HCV [14]. Such associations have not been described in southern Africa to date. In our study, HCV coinfection was very rare even though most patien ...
ADAPTATION OF INDIGENOUS INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE
... al., 2000). Most strains of wild type IBDV recovered from infected bursae do not replicate in CEF cells (McFerran et al., 1980). However, the virus becomes progressively adapted to grow in vitro. Passaging of the virus in vitro has been associated with attenuation of its virulence, as evidenced by a ...
... al., 2000). Most strains of wild type IBDV recovered from infected bursae do not replicate in CEF cells (McFerran et al., 1980). However, the virus becomes progressively adapted to grow in vitro. Passaging of the virus in vitro has been associated with attenuation of its virulence, as evidenced by a ...
Geographic range of vector-borne infections M. van Vuuren & B.L. Penzhorn
... transmission of BTV. In areas where the winters are mild, BTV may be transmitted throughout the year (22). The susceptibility of wild ruminants was first established in South Africa in 1933 by the experimental infection of blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) (23). The antelope developed a subclini ...
... transmission of BTV. In areas where the winters are mild, BTV may be transmitted throughout the year (22). The susceptibility of wild ruminants was first established in South Africa in 1933 by the experimental infection of blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) (23). The antelope developed a subclini ...
37. Experimental transmission of FMDV in pigs
... the average number of secondary cases per infectious individual during its entire infectious period [3]. This implies that an infection will fade out in a population when R < 1, but can spread on a large scale when R > 1. Besides R also the transmission rate β is an important parameter, because it c ...
... the average number of secondary cases per infectious individual during its entire infectious period [3]. This implies that an infection will fade out in a population when R < 1, but can spread on a large scale when R > 1. Besides R also the transmission rate β is an important parameter, because it c ...
Multiple Contributory Factors to the Age
... showed that no children age <4 years and only 5% of children aged 4–9 years sampled had levels of cross-reactive antibody to the H3N2v virus above the threshold of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer ≥40, whereas 20%–35% of children aged 10–17 years and adults had HI titers above the same thresho ...
... showed that no children age <4 years and only 5% of children aged 4–9 years sampled had levels of cross-reactive antibody to the H3N2v virus above the threshold of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer ≥40, whereas 20%–35% of children aged 10–17 years and adults had HI titers above the same thresho ...
Testing Services for Veterinary Vaccines - Sigma
... produced in vivo and in vitro must be investigated for the presence of potential contaminants including; viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma in addition to stability and identity where appropriate. Both the EU and USA provide guidelines and specific recommendations on extraneous agent testing of ...
... produced in vivo and in vitro must be investigated for the presence of potential contaminants including; viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma in addition to stability and identity where appropriate. Both the EU and USA provide guidelines and specific recommendations on extraneous agent testing of ...
Viral and Bacterial Diseases in Wildlife
... virus that originated in Asia and subsequently spread across the Eastern Hemisphere. In addition, wildlife has increasingly been implicated in the spread of re-emerging pathogens, such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are causing significant problems associated with agricultural, animal, and hu ...
... virus that originated in Asia and subsequently spread across the Eastern Hemisphere. In addition, wildlife has increasingly been implicated in the spread of re-emerging pathogens, such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are causing significant problems associated with agricultural, animal, and hu ...
Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Reverse
... product onto streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads. Reaction of the bead-target-probe complex with o-phenylenediamine generated a colored product that could be detected and quantified colorimetrically. This approach (with minor modifications) is now widely used in clinical practice, to quantify plas ...
... product onto streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads. Reaction of the bead-target-probe complex with o-phenylenediamine generated a colored product that could be detected and quantified colorimetrically. This approach (with minor modifications) is now widely used in clinical practice, to quantify plas ...
Word
... play an important role in the outcome of DENV infection. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo studies ...
... play an important role in the outcome of DENV infection. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo studies ...
rapid risk assessment - ECDC
... On 26 August 2014, the Ministry of Health of DRC notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of an outbreak of Ebola virus diseases in the Equateur province. The index case was a woman from Ikanamongo village in Boende health zone (Figure 1) who is believed to have become infected when she butchere ...
... On 26 August 2014, the Ministry of Health of DRC notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of an outbreak of Ebola virus diseases in the Equateur province. The index case was a woman from Ikanamongo village in Boende health zone (Figure 1) who is believed to have become infected when she butchere ...
the full sized image - ScholarSphere
... mononucleosis; yet future changes will not have an impact on future encounters with this disease since it can only be experienced once in the majority of cases. In order to recuperate, changes in behavior may include avoidance of physical activity. If this change is not made, splenic rupture may occ ...
... mononucleosis; yet future changes will not have an impact on future encounters with this disease since it can only be experienced once in the majority of cases. In order to recuperate, changes in behavior may include avoidance of physical activity. If this change is not made, splenic rupture may occ ...
Disease Unit
... they do so differently than other organisms. They can only multiply when they are inside another living cell, which makes them similar to a parasite. The cell that is attacked by the virus is called the host. Viruses vary in shape and size. They can be round, rod-shaped, brick shaped, bullet shaped, ...
... they do so differently than other organisms. They can only multiply when they are inside another living cell, which makes them similar to a parasite. The cell that is attacked by the virus is called the host. Viruses vary in shape and size. They can be round, rod-shaped, brick shaped, bullet shaped, ...
Chicken pox or shingles (varicella / herpes zoster)
... Incubation period The incubation period is from two to three weeks and is usually 14–16 days. This may be prolonged in immunosuppressed persons or following immunoglobulin administration as passive immunisation against varicella. ...
... Incubation period The incubation period is from two to three weeks and is usually 14–16 days. This may be prolonged in immunosuppressed persons or following immunoglobulin administration as passive immunisation against varicella. ...
the extent of population exposure to assess clinical safety
... should be performed unless otherwise justified. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be appropriate for detection of sequences of these human viruses as well as for other specific viruses. The following is a brief description of a general framework and philosophical background within which the ma ...
... should be performed unless otherwise justified. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be appropriate for detection of sequences of these human viruses as well as for other specific viruses. The following is a brief description of a general framework and philosophical background within which the ma ...
20th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious
... g., 20 mice/group) were infected intranasally with 10LD50 of influenza virus A/California/07/2009swl. In APcis 60 female Balb/c mice (10-12 g., 20 mice/group) were infected intranasally with 3LD50 of influenza virus A/NewCaledonia/20/99. In both studies ULDabIFNg given as water solution were adminis ...
... g., 20 mice/group) were infected intranasally with 10LD50 of influenza virus A/California/07/2009swl. In APcis 60 female Balb/c mice (10-12 g., 20 mice/group) were infected intranasally with 3LD50 of influenza virus A/NewCaledonia/20/99. In both studies ULDabIFNg given as water solution were adminis ...
Herpes simplex virus
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Herpes_simplex_virus_TEM_B82-0474_lores.jpg?width=300)
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2 (which produces most genital herpes) are ubiquitous and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person is producing and shedding the virus. Herpes simplex can be spread through contact with saliva, such as sharing drinks.Symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips or genitals. Lesions heal with a scab characteristic of herpetic disease. Sometimes, the viruses cause very mild or atypical symptoms during outbreaks. However, as neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV-1 and -2 persist in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. After the initial or primary infection, some infected people experience sporadic episodes of viral reactivation or outbreaks. In an outbreak, the virus in a nerve cell becomes active and is transported via the neuron's axon to the skin, where virus replication and shedding occur and cause new sores. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.