Microbiology
... The type II secretion system (T2SS) is a doublemembrane-spanning protein secretion system composed of 12–15 different general secretory pathway (Gsp) proteins It is found in a large number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The T2SSs of different species secrete a wide variety o ...
... The type II secretion system (T2SS) is a doublemembrane-spanning protein secretion system composed of 12–15 different general secretory pathway (Gsp) proteins It is found in a large number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The T2SSs of different species secrete a wide variety o ...
Signal transduction mechanisms in plants: An overview
... amplify the Ca2+ signal are present and are activated by the stimulus. Manipulation of [Ca2+] in sub-cellular domains by selective release of caged Ca2+ or caged ionophores has been used effectively to demonstrate the effects of locally changing [Ca2+] on pollen tube growth, as reviewed by Franklin- ...
... amplify the Ca2+ signal are present and are activated by the stimulus. Manipulation of [Ca2+] in sub-cellular domains by selective release of caged Ca2+ or caged ionophores has been used effectively to demonstrate the effects of locally changing [Ca2+] on pollen tube growth, as reviewed by Franklin- ...
Biology
... Often, the simplest way to do that is to record the data in a table and then make a graph. Computers help scientists to gather, analyze, and present large quantities of data. Analyses of data are used to make predictions about complex phenomena. Slide 4 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Often, the simplest way to do that is to record the data in a table and then make a graph. Computers help scientists to gather, analyze, and present large quantities of data. Analyses of data are used to make predictions about complex phenomena. Slide 4 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
The Molecular Organization of Endothelial Cell to
... immunoglobulin superfamily (Newman et al., 1990; Simmons et al., 1990; and which is present also in platelets and leukocytes) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin, Brevario, E, L. Caveda, M. Corada, I. Martin-Padura, P. Navarro, J. Golay, M. Introna, M. G. Lampugnani, and E. Dejana, manusc ...
... immunoglobulin superfamily (Newman et al., 1990; Simmons et al., 1990; and which is present also in platelets and leukocytes) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin, Brevario, E, L. Caveda, M. Corada, I. Martin-Padura, P. Navarro, J. Golay, M. Introna, M. G. Lampugnani, and E. Dejana, manusc ...
4-3. Cell wall structure of E. coli and B. subtilis
... of MltD is probably wall recycling [69]. Recently, MltF was reported as an outer membrane-bound periplasmic protein and its C-terminal is a catalytic domain and the N-terminal appears to modulate the lytic behavior of the Cterminal domain [70]. PBP1B (ponA) that is associated with peptidoglycan bios ...
... of MltD is probably wall recycling [69]. Recently, MltF was reported as an outer membrane-bound periplasmic protein and its C-terminal is a catalytic domain and the N-terminal appears to modulate the lytic behavior of the Cterminal domain [70]. PBP1B (ponA) that is associated with peptidoglycan bios ...
Involvement of the cytoskeleton in Junin virus multiplication
... budding (Giuffre et al., 1982 ; Bohn et al., 1986 ; Luftig & Lupo, 1994 ; Rey et al., 1996). Furthermore, the cytoskeleton may also provide a structure for intracellular transport of infecting virus (Dales & Chardonnet, 1973) or for movement of virus macromolecules and particles to facilitate their ...
... budding (Giuffre et al., 1982 ; Bohn et al., 1986 ; Luftig & Lupo, 1994 ; Rey et al., 1996). Furthermore, the cytoskeleton may also provide a structure for intracellular transport of infecting virus (Dales & Chardonnet, 1973) or for movement of virus macromolecules and particles to facilitate their ...
The extracellular matix (ECM) Three types of molecules are
... Own core proteins GAG can be independent of protein or have PGs attached, eg., hyaluronan ...
... Own core proteins GAG can be independent of protein or have PGs attached, eg., hyaluronan ...
Non-specific (entropic) forces as major determinants of the structure
... example, between one nucleosome and another, or between nucleosomes and the lamina. Monte Carlo simulations were used to demonstrate that entropic forces acting alone can position and shape self-avoiding polymers within crowded nuclei in the ways seen experimentally (Fig. 3; Cook and Marenduzzo 2009 ...
... example, between one nucleosome and another, or between nucleosomes and the lamina. Monte Carlo simulations were used to demonstrate that entropic forces acting alone can position and shape self-avoiding polymers within crowded nuclei in the ways seen experimentally (Fig. 3; Cook and Marenduzzo 2009 ...
Cytokinesis of neuroepithelial cells can divide their basal process
... M-phase NE cell bodies but also their basal processes extending radially towards the basal side of the neuroepithelium. Arrowhead, a globular-shaped M-phase NE cell body. The asterisk indicates ectodermal cells, which were stained by the secondary anti-mouse antibody. V, ventricle; VZ, ventricular z ...
... M-phase NE cell bodies but also their basal processes extending radially towards the basal side of the neuroepithelium. Arrowhead, a globular-shaped M-phase NE cell body. The asterisk indicates ectodermal cells, which were stained by the secondary anti-mouse antibody. V, ventricle; VZ, ventricular z ...
NNF1 is an essential yeast gene required for proper spindle
... acids (Fig. 1). We named this gene NNF1 (necessary for nuclear function) because of the multiple nuclear defects observed in cells depleted of Nnf1p (see Discussion). NNF1 is located on chromosome X, and has been independently sequenced as an ORF in the yeast genome project (SCYJR112W_1, GenBank acc ...
... acids (Fig. 1). We named this gene NNF1 (necessary for nuclear function) because of the multiple nuclear defects observed in cells depleted of Nnf1p (see Discussion). NNF1 is located on chromosome X, and has been independently sequenced as an ORF in the yeast genome project (SCYJR112W_1, GenBank acc ...
Hedgehog proteins: expression and function in the thymus
... really provided, and delimited by their distinct temporal and spatial expression domains (31). Pathi et al. (51), also demonstrated that all three proteins can elicit similar biological responses, but that their relative potencies differ in an assaydependent manner. In most cases, data revealed a st ...
... really provided, and delimited by their distinct temporal and spatial expression domains (31). Pathi et al. (51), also demonstrated that all three proteins can elicit similar biological responses, but that their relative potencies differ in an assaydependent manner. In most cases, data revealed a st ...
Constructing a Plant Cell. The Genetic Control of Root Hair
... particularly in Arabidopsis. This heightened interest can be attributed to several features of root hair development that facilitate genetic analyses. First, root hairs are not essential for plant viability, which permits the recovery and analysis of all types of root hair mutants. Also, root hairs ...
... particularly in Arabidopsis. This heightened interest can be attributed to several features of root hair development that facilitate genetic analyses. First, root hairs are not essential for plant viability, which permits the recovery and analysis of all types of root hair mutants. Also, root hairs ...
Cells
... reflected rather than absorbed, by plants the most – so plants are green and other colors are absorbed ...
... reflected rather than absorbed, by plants the most – so plants are green and other colors are absorbed ...
Chapter 4 Review Questions
... ____ 16. A particularly active cell might contain large numbers of a. chromosomes. c. mitochondria. b. vacuoles. d. walls. ____ 17. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that a. receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum. b. labels the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum with ...
... ____ 16. A particularly active cell might contain large numbers of a. chromosomes. c. mitochondria. b. vacuoles. d. walls. ____ 17. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that a. receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum. b. labels the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum with ...
Membrane Protein Sorting in the Yeast Secretory Pathway
... DPAP A (see Fig. 1 A) process the mating pheromone a-factor precursor polypeptide as it traverses the secretory pathway (Bussey, 1988; Fuller et al., 1988). The biosynthetic pathways of Kex2p and Kexlp have been characterized (Fuller et al., 1989a,b; Cooper and Bussey, 1989), and Kex2p has been show ...
... DPAP A (see Fig. 1 A) process the mating pheromone a-factor precursor polypeptide as it traverses the secretory pathway (Bussey, 1988; Fuller et al., 1988). The biosynthetic pathways of Kex2p and Kexlp have been characterized (Fuller et al., 1989a,b; Cooper and Bussey, 1989), and Kex2p has been show ...
UBIQUITIN AT FOX CHASE
... action of E1, glutathione, and the hydrolase results in a futile cycle converting ATP to AMP+PPi, Scheme 2. AMP-Ub is normally too tightly bound to E1 to lead to a futile cycle of its own in the presence of an active nucleophile. Amides of Ub were not available to test as substrates of the new Ubiqu ...
... action of E1, glutathione, and the hydrolase results in a futile cycle converting ATP to AMP+PPi, Scheme 2. AMP-Ub is normally too tightly bound to E1 to lead to a futile cycle of its own in the presence of an active nucleophile. Amides of Ub were not available to test as substrates of the new Ubiqu ...
Overcoming anoikis - Journal of Cell Science
... promoting survival because it inhibits several pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bad, caspase-9, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and forkhead transcription factors, and promotes AIG (reviewed by Chiarugi and Giannoni, 2008; Wang, 2004). In addition, several key regulators of EMT are also involved ...
... promoting survival because it inhibits several pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bad, caspase-9, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and forkhead transcription factors, and promotes AIG (reviewed by Chiarugi and Giannoni, 2008; Wang, 2004). In addition, several key regulators of EMT are also involved ...
Positive and negative roles for cddO in cell cycle
... Start is the point in the cell cycle at which the yeast cell makes a decision to enter the sexual or vegetative life cycle, or to remain in Gi/Gr> Before Start, cells can enter any of these developmental pathways, but once Start has been traversed cells are committed to complete the subsequent S-pha ...
... Start is the point in the cell cycle at which the yeast cell makes a decision to enter the sexual or vegetative life cycle, or to remain in Gi/Gr> Before Start, cells can enter any of these developmental pathways, but once Start has been traversed cells are committed to complete the subsequent S-pha ...
Compartmentalization of Cyclic GMP
... some diffuse staining was also observed at the trailing end. or uropod. FMLP stimulated transient focal changes in G-kinase localitation that coincided with transient changes in cell shape. Within 30 seconds intense focal staining of G-kinase was observed along the cell margin and at the trailing en ...
... some diffuse staining was also observed at the trailing end. or uropod. FMLP stimulated transient focal changes in G-kinase localitation that coincided with transient changes in cell shape. Within 30 seconds intense focal staining of G-kinase was observed along the cell margin and at the trailing en ...
Loss of AtPDR8, a Plasma Membrane ABC Transporter of
... ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and form a large protein family. These transporters are involved in the membrane transport of a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated compounds, such as glutathione conjugates, lipids, inorg ...
... ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and form a large protein family. These transporters are involved in the membrane transport of a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated compounds, such as glutathione conjugates, lipids, inorg ...
Document
... C and D). At E16.5, a few days after VillinCre activation (15) and Cdc42 deletion (Figure 1A), when wild-type intervillus epithelial cells (Figure 1C) vigorously proliferate, mutant intervillus epithelial cells displayed abnormalities in cytoplasmic division and nuclear organization (Figure 1D). Pos ...
... C and D). At E16.5, a few days after VillinCre activation (15) and Cdc42 deletion (Figure 1A), when wild-type intervillus epithelial cells (Figure 1C) vigorously proliferate, mutant intervillus epithelial cells displayed abnormalities in cytoplasmic division and nuclear organization (Figure 1D). Pos ...
FYVE-dependent endosomal targeting of an arrestin-related
... Polysphondylium pallidum, Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar, other members of the Conosea group within the Amoebozoa supergroup to which belongs D. discoideum. Interestingly, a FYVE domaincontaining arrestin structured as AdcA was also found in two species of a picoeukaryote, Micromonas pusilla CC ...
... Polysphondylium pallidum, Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar, other members of the Conosea group within the Amoebozoa supergroup to which belongs D. discoideum. Interestingly, a FYVE domaincontaining arrestin structured as AdcA was also found in two species of a picoeukaryote, Micromonas pusilla CC ...
Differentiation of primordial germ cells in the
... covered by ribosomes. The Golgi complexes, which comprise four to six cisternae, appear only sporadically in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm also contains sparse lysosomes and polyribosomes as well as many free ribosomes. At a short distance from the nucleus aggregates of material, not bounded by a mem ...
... covered by ribosomes. The Golgi complexes, which comprise four to six cisternae, appear only sporadically in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm also contains sparse lysosomes and polyribosomes as well as many free ribosomes. At a short distance from the nucleus aggregates of material, not bounded by a mem ...
Electronic Student Book Chapter 1
... Microscopes gave scientists their first glimpses of cells. As microscopes improved, scientists saw that cells are made up of tiny structures. They now know that these structures cannot work independently. Cell structures must work as part of the cell unit to carry out activities. The chicken egg cel ...
... Microscopes gave scientists their first glimpses of cells. As microscopes improved, scientists saw that cells are made up of tiny structures. They now know that these structures cannot work independently. Cell structures must work as part of the cell unit to carry out activities. The chicken egg cel ...
What is “membrane potential”
... “Neuro transmitters” are the chemical signal passed from cell-to-cell Common examples -- Dopamine -- Serotonin -- Acetylcholine Some are inhibitory -- GABA ...
... “Neuro transmitters” are the chemical signal passed from cell-to-cell Common examples -- Dopamine -- Serotonin -- Acetylcholine Some are inhibitory -- GABA ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.