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ULTRASTRUCTURAL PROBING OF /3
ULTRASTRUCTURAL PROBING OF /3

... on thin sections of cultivated L84 cells treated with biotinylated propranolol(5 X 10m5 M) in the absence (3A) and in the presence of excess (*) propranolol(1 X lo-’ M (3B)). Note the relatively high ferritin density on membranes surrounding cytoplasmic protrusions (3A) and the absence of ferritin p ...
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... 4. _R_ __ __ __ __ ER is covered by ribosomes and sends its modified proteins to the Golgi apparatus. 5. The _C_ __ __ __ _W_ __ __ __ is found outside the cell membrane in plants and bacteria and provides support and protection. 6. _C_ __ __ __ __ are many short hair-like structures on the surface ...
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Mitosis



Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.
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