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TWO TYPES OF TRAITS
TWO TYPES OF TRAITS

... Discrete or discontinuous traits: traits occur in distinct Categories: Trait is there or it is not (examples: albinism, cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease) Mendelian inheritance, single genes, dominance, recessiveness ...
Semester Final Study Guide
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... 50. _____ chromosomes ( X and Y) that include genes that determine sex. 51. _____ chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex. 52. _____ different alleles that are both expressed in a heterozygote. 53. _____ genes for the same trait that exist in variant forms. 54. _____ looking at the hu ...
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... lower mean response and a lower rate of response at week 50 compared to those who did not switch. And those switched also developed neutralizing anti-drug antibodies at a slightly higher rate. This raises the question: what is the standard of evidence required by FDA? Is this really sufficient clini ...
outline27973
outline27973

... who have burned through all the older/standard drug choices the opportunity to experience some survival benefit. There are both better drugs to start with as well as better drugs that can be used later. j. As important as the new drug groups have been changes in coformulations (Combivir, Epzicom, Tr ...
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FDA DOSSIER : LYNPARZA® Olaparib
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... 5. Define “agonists” and “antagonists” and give examples from the human nervous system 6. Describe, with examples, neuropeptides 7. Describe, with examples, the mode of action of antibiotics 8. Describe, with examples, the mode of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 9. Define toxicology ...
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... 2) Mutations that are present in every cell in the body and make it more likely that a normal cell will turn into a cancer cell. Such mutations are either inherited or can start for the first time at conception. Sometimes they can be passed on to offspring. Such mutations are called ‘germline’ or ‘c ...
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... 0.5 to 1 mg (oral) and up to 10 mg administered subcutaneously. The initial effects of vitamin K take up to 6 hours with maximum effects in two to three days. If a patient is actively bleeding, the coagulant of choice may be fresh frozen plasma or a blood transfusion. Side effects associated with th ...
Allelic Association
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THERAPY in RHEUMATOLOGY

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Integrative systems control approach for reactivating Kaposi’s
Integrative systems control approach for reactivating Kaposi’s

... respectively, for all six test cases. Dexamethasone converged to 0.25 mM in all five test cases except for one that is at 0.5 mM. TPA and TSA, were completely removed from the drug cocktails by generation 20. All drugs except TSA moved within a small range of concentrations by the 10th generation and ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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