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population
population

... A population must satisfy five conditions if it is to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: Extremely large population size. In small populations, chance fluctuations in the gene pool can cause genotype frequencies to change over time. These random changes are called genetic drift. No gene flow. Gen ...
Chapter 12 Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 12 Patterns of Inheritance

... Some alleles of a characteristic may create multiple phenotypic effects (pleiotropy) – Mendel’s rules specify only one phenotype possible for any allele – Example: The SRY gene in male humans – SRY gene stimulates development of gonads into testes, which in turn stimulate development of the prostate ...
MS Word  - VCU Secrets of the Sequence
MS Word - VCU Secrets of the Sequence

... chip is so sensitive it will recognize very low levels of toxins that do not necessarily cause harm nor are even present in the majority of people. Regulatory standards might be tightened for everyone because a small fraction of the population is sensitive to the toxin. Do you think that is a good o ...
How to determine personal use in drug legislation
How to determine personal use in drug legislation

... drugs is brought back to a legality model”, where the “burden of proof” is on the Prosecutor, who is required to gather full evidence of the crime.10 In the 1990 law, whoever was caught in possession of an amount of drugs above the threshold was automatically considered a dealer. As a result, he/she ...
Minocycline: the end of the road? - HDBuzz
Minocycline: the end of the road? - HDBuzz

... drug to be recommended for larger studies, but minocycline treatment wasn’t promising enough and the study authors found that further trials with minocycline were “not warranted”. The DOMINO study group, an initiative of the Huntington Study Group, has published the report of its ‘futility study’ of ...
Significance of syncope in patients with Alzheimer`s disease treated
Significance of syncope in patients with Alzheimer`s disease treated

... was rather consistent. Patient 3 suffered from sick sinus syndrome and marked carotid sinus hypersensitivity (not an uncommon association with sick sinus syndrome) unmasked by donepezil. The documentation of severe bradycardia as a putative adverse effect of an anticholinesterase led us to recommend t ...
pps
pps

... The available knowledge on the human genome and the present SNPs in it allow two approaches: 1. Finding new targets (either on the genome, the mRNA, or the protein level) 2. pharmacogenomic methods will lead to personalized medicine (which drug and at what dosage), esp. for long term application of ...
Opioids part 2
Opioids part 2

... • Large pulmonary first pass, take up 75% of dose • 40% of remainder taken up by RBCs • Metabolized in liver, no active metabolites, main one is norfentanyl ...
Guidelines for Opioid Management by Clinicians and Staff within a
Guidelines for Opioid Management by Clinicians and Staff within a

... be noted that while the terms “opioid” and “opiate” may be defined and used differently, providers should use the term similarly when considering how to incorporate the guidance below within their clinical practices. 1. Adopt appropriate screening and assessment of patient risks associated with pres ...
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION These
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION These

... Triptan-naïve patients who have multiple cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., increased age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, obesity, strong family history of CAD) should have a cardiovascular evaluation prior to receiving MAXALT. If there is evidence of CAD or coronary artery vasospasm, MAXALT shoul ...
1) Lead compound discovery
1) Lead compound discovery

... 1.5% (10/669) of patients as compared to 0.3% (1/349) of patients on placebo, and depression (depression, major depression or depressed mood) reported in 1.5% (10/669) of patients as compared to 0.3% (1/349) of patients on placebo.Data from a clinical study in which selective serotonin reuptake inhi ...
pps
pps

... The available knowledge on the human genome and the present SNPs in it allow two approaches: 1. Finding new targets (either on the genome, the mRNA, or the protein level) 2. pharmacogenomic methods will lead to personalized medicine (which drug and at what dosage), esp. for long term application of ...
University of Tabuk Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Department
University of Tabuk Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Department

... RECORD (MAR) Card - the oldest type of record used for medication administration - contains the patients name, room number, medication, dosage and route Computer Generated MAR (CMAR) ...
CURRENT STATUS OF DESIGNER DRUGS
CURRENT STATUS OF DESIGNER DRUGS

... • Alpha-PVP (flakka, gravel) ...
PHARMACOKINETIC/PHARMACODYNAMIC (PK/PD) MODELING: AN INVESTIGATIONAL TOOL FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT Review Article
PHARMACOKINETIC/PHARMACODYNAMIC (PK/PD) MODELING: AN INVESTIGATIONAL TOOL FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT Review Article

... Fig. 1: Schematic representation of effect-concentration data pairs sampled in chronological order (indicated by arrows) a) Sigmoid curve in steady state condition. b and c are non-steady state conditions hysteric loops. b) Counter clockwise loops in the drug effect (E) vs plasma drug concentration. ...
Barbiturates, General Anesthetics, and Antiepileptic Drugs Laureen Trail
Barbiturates, General Anesthetics, and Antiepileptic Drugs Laureen Trail

... Stillbirth and infant mortality rate higher Antiseizure meds in early months increase birth defects Balance danger of seizures with possible birth defects – discontinue meds or move to single drug at lowest effective dose ...
Chapter 16: The Evolution of Populations and Speciation
Chapter 16: The Evolution of Populations and Speciation

... a mathematical model to predict gene frequencies in future populations in an attempt to explain microevolution (change in genetic material of a population). Macroevolution (chapter 15) is change on a phenotypic level. • This is ONE equation they used: p + q = 1 where p = dominant allele where q = re ...
Anaphylactic reaction to povidone secondary to drug ingestion in a
Anaphylactic reaction to povidone secondary to drug ingestion in a

... children have been published to date (all of them presenting anaphylactic reaction). In our case the patient was younger (3 years and 10 months) than the other published paediatric cases and suffered a mild anaphylactic reaction. In the first of these three cases, the reaction was presented to the e ...
Sedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation—why more
Sedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation—why more

... ambulation in selected patients has been reported5, this is not always possible. This report provides preliminary mechanistic explanation for altered sedation requirements in these patients on ECMO. It also highlights important clinical issues such as sedation targets during ECMO, utility of bispect ...
Efficacy and Safety of Micafungin for Febrile Neutropenia in
Efficacy and Safety of Micafungin for Febrile Neutropenia in

... antifungal activity against a broad range of Candida species, including azole-resistant strains, and Aspergillus species.5 MCFG has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment for IFI in several clinical trials.5–8 However, there are limited data on the efficacy and safety of MCFG for suspected IF ...
What clinical trial designs have been used to test antiepileptic drugs
What clinical trial designs have been used to test antiepileptic drugs

... early days could make it easier to show unequivocal improvement in seizure control. The second, and far more important factor, is that uncontrolled testing led not only to the marketing of valuable AEDs, but also to the introduction of a plethora of “remedies” that have not withstood the judgement o ...
Bifunctional drugs for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bifunctional drugs for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

... These complementary activities have led to LABAs and LAMAs often being used together, particularly in the treatment of patients with COPD [21]. Additionally, it is recognised that these two classes of drug can provide better bronchodilation than using either class of drug alone (as described above), ...
Integrating Longer Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Integrating Longer Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

... Now, important as we think about the drugs, the hormones that are the incretin hormones are GLP-1 and a hormone called GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides; and these very powerful hormones, once they're secreted, are metabolized by a serine protease called dipeptidyl peptidase IV. So ...
Review on Prodrugs
Review on Prodrugs

... II. History and the present of prodrug design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Rationale for prodrug design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Jan 2015 - Palatin Technologies
Jan 2015 - Palatin Technologies

... forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, and actual results, events and performance may differ materially from those expressed or implied in this presentation. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about futu ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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