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Genotype to phenotype: lessons from model organisms for human
Genotype to phenotype: lessons from model organisms for human

... different types of evidence can be used to identify functionally associated genes (FIG. 2). For example, genes encoding proteins that physically interact, that are co‑regulated or that are co‑evolving are all more likely to function in a common process. One approach for predicting functionally coupl ...
Pharma. MCQs
Pharma. MCQs

... The mechanism underlying the resistance of G +ve organisms to macrolides is:: a. Decreased drug permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane. b. Methylation of binding sites on the 50-S ribosomal subunit. c. Decreased activity of uptake mechanism. d. Formation of estrases that hydrolyze the lactone ring ...
A Primer on Statin Myopathy - American College of Osteopathic
A Primer on Statin Myopathy - American College of Osteopathic

... i i presents for f ...
benzodiazpines
benzodiazpines

... • Limited long-term efficacy with potential for dependence • Short-acting night sedation can lead to daytime use (i.e. when taken to avoid withdrawal) • Similarly, continuance of use avoids withdrawal • Long-term use is common and associated with: – excessive sedation – cognitive impairment – increa ...
WSJ - Nov 2006 - Augie`s Quest
WSJ - Nov 2006 - Augie`s Quest

... speed, the TGen team paid clinics $400 per DNA sample. In three months, it had 1,250 of them. Human cells contain around six billion DNA "letters," dubbed A, G, C and T. The letters spell out genes, each of which tells the body to produce a particular protein. Although any two people's DNA is more t ...
Use of Neurotransmitter Precursors for Treatment of Depression
Use of Neurotransmitter Precursors for Treatment of Depression

... beneficial symptom-relieving effect of antidepressant drugs suggests late-developing factors may be more relevant to these drugs’ clinical efficacy than their acute effect (inhibiting re-uptake of neurotransmitters). Imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) can block neurotransmitter re-uptake in a m ...
Laboratory Newsletter | 2015 vol 1
Laboratory Newsletter | 2015 vol 1

... an individual’s cancer is hereditary. Factors that result in an increased likelihood of hereditary cancer include: • The type of cancer is rare. • Cancer presents at an early age. • Multiple family members have the same or related cancers. • Multiple cancers are present in the s ...
Running head: PERSONAL DRUGS PERSONAL DRUGS Personal
Running head: PERSONAL DRUGS PERSONAL DRUGS Personal

... 2010). Different microorganisms are responsible for community-acquired pneumonia than those acquired in the hospital, and tend to be less severe in nature, depending on the presence of immunosuppression and comorbidities (Brashers, 2010). Diagnosis is based on the presence of cough with sputum produ ...
this smells. this doesn`t.
this smells. this doesn`t.

... • Apply testosterone gel only to areas that will be covered by a short sleeve T-shirt. These areas are your shoulders and upper arms, or stomach area (abdomen), or shoulders, upper arms and stomach area. • Wash your hands right away with soap and water after applying testosterone gel. • After the ge ...
It`s A Toss Up
It`s A Toss Up

... 1. What do the terms dominant and recessive mean? • dominant: the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited • recessive: a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited ...
4-Panel Drug Test (Strip) (COC, MOR, PCP, THC)
4-Panel Drug Test (Strip) (COC, MOR, PCP, THC)

... PCP may persist in urine for 2 to 4 weeks. The length of time following drug use for which a positive result may occur is dependent upon several factors, including the frequency and amount of drug, metabolic rate, excretion rate, drug half-life, and the drug user’s age, weight, activity, and diet. ...
Anesthesia in the patient with multiple drug allergies: are all
Anesthesia in the patient with multiple drug allergies: are all

... The pholcodine hypothesis A few years ago, a higher prevalence of IgE antibodies to tertiary and/or quaternary ammonium ions was reported among blood donors and atopic patients from Norway but not Sweden [15]. The only difference in environmental chemicals exposure was the use of cough syrups contai ...
Responding to an Opiate Overdose
Responding to an Opiate Overdose

... 4. Screw the nasal atomizer onto the tip of the syringe. The naloxone is now ready to use. 5. Place the assembled naloxone atomizer in one of the overdose victim’s nostrils. 6. Press firmly on the base of the glass vial or plunger, spraying half of the naloxone deep into the overdose victim’s nasal ...
A. Population Genetics
A. Population Genetics

... For any single locus, mutation alone does not have much quantitative effect on a large population in a single generation. ...
Mendelian Genetics Lab (click here)
Mendelian Genetics Lab (click here)

... To understand how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next, we need to know some basic information. Every individual produced by sexual reproduction has two genes for each characteristic. He or she receives one from each parent. However, there are alternative genes for the same cha ...
1 Hazardous Drug handling policy
1 Hazardous Drug handling policy

... Hazardous drugs are drugs that pose a potential health risk to workers who may be exposed to them during receipt, transport, preparation, administration, or disposal. These drugs require special handling because of their potential to cause toxicity. At Children’s and Women’s Hospitals hazardous drug ...
Genetic Inheritance - leavingcertbiology.net
Genetic Inheritance - leavingcertbiology.net

... • Sex linkage is where a characteristic is controlled by a gene on an X chromosome • Sex-linked genes can also be said to be X-linked • The X chromosome carries many more genes (~800 more genes) than the Y chromosome • Recessive genotypes for particular traits that are Xlinked therefore occur more f ...
Unit 8 Population Genetics Chp 23 Evolution of
Unit 8 Population Genetics Chp 23 Evolution of

... For any single locus, mutation alone does not have much quantitative effect on a large population in a single generation. ...
Management of Abstinence
Management of Abstinence

... • Beta-adrenergic antagonists • IV/po differential effectiveness • studies support effective for tremors ...
Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia
Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia

... stretching of the perineum S2,3,4 this can be blocked by an epidural block but may inhibit the pushing effort  Bupivicaine and Chlorprocaine have become the agents of choice for epidural anesthesia (IV of either can cause cardiac collapse and death ...
2008_09_04-Choi-Analgesia__sedation
2008_09_04-Choi-Analgesia__sedation

... reduction of markedly angulated fracture or dislocation with soft tissue or vascular compromise, intractable pain) Urgent (eg, care of dirty wounds and lacerations, animal and human bites, abscess incision and drainage, fracture reduction, hip reduction, lumbar puncture for suspected meningitis, art ...
Sample size estimates for a clinical trial evaluating
Sample size estimates for a clinical trial evaluating

... disease and miltefosine is the only oral drug available to treat it. Recent reports indicated increased miltefosine treatment failure rates on the Indian subcontinent [1,2]. The only identified risk factor for treatment failure was to have an age <12 years [1]. Treatment failure was most significant ...
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Peripheral vascular disease (4) •
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Peripheral vascular disease (4) •

... The recommended starting dose of ZOMIG is 1.25 mg or 2.5 mg. The 1.25 mg dose can be achieved by manually breaking the functionally-scored 2.5 mg tablet in half. The maximum recommended single dose of ZOMIG is 5 mg. In controlled clinical trials, a greater proportion of patients had headache respons ...
TRANSFERSOMES AS A TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCEMENT THE
TRANSFERSOMES AS A TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCEMENT THE

... range of 50-70%. The result revealed that Nystatin in all of the formulations was successfully entrapped with uniform drug content. In vitro skin permeation studies were carried by abdominal rabbit skin using a dissolution-dialysis apparatus fabricated in our laboratory. The amount of drug deposited ...
INTERFERONS, ALPHA - DavisPlus
INTERFERONS, ALPHA - DavisPlus

... 5 days, with recovery 3– 5 days after withdrawal of interferon alpha-2b For malignant melanoma, if granulocyte count ⬎250/mm3 but ⬍500/mm3, discontinue interferon alpha-2b until platelet or granulocyte counts return to normal or baseline levels, then reinstitute at 50% of dose. If granulocyte count ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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