A General Approach to the Modelling of Trophic Chains
... solution for N = K(r − d)/r. If r < d, the only (stable) nonnegative solution is N = 0. But now, the carrying capacity parameter K is not the equilibrium value attained by the population in the limit t → ∞, instead it is the value of the conservation law associated to (3.5). In this case, the soluti ...
... solution for N = K(r − d)/r. If r < d, the only (stable) nonnegative solution is N = 0. But now, the carrying capacity parameter K is not the equilibrium value attained by the population in the limit t → ∞, instead it is the value of the conservation law associated to (3.5). In this case, the soluti ...
Unit IX - Ecology - Lesson Module
... Some parasites, such as aphids, fleas, or mistletoe, feed on the external surface of a host. The parasite-host populations that have survived have been those where neither has a devastating effect on the other. Parasitism that results in the rapid death of the host is devastating to both the p ...
... Some parasites, such as aphids, fleas, or mistletoe, feed on the external surface of a host. The parasite-host populations that have survived have been those where neither has a devastating effect on the other. Parasitism that results in the rapid death of the host is devastating to both the p ...
The Distribution of Life
... survive in their native habitat. The distribution of life on Earth however is ...
... survive in their native habitat. The distribution of life on Earth however is ...
Chapter 47 Kelp Forests and Seagrass Meadows
... Kelp die-off along the coasts of Europe has been reported (Raybaud et al., 2013; Brodie et al., 2014), e.g. in Norway (Moy and Christie, 2012), as well as off the coast of Australia (Smale and Wernberg, 2013; Wernberg et al., 2013). In addition, changes in the distribution of species have been repor ...
... Kelp die-off along the coasts of Europe has been reported (Raybaud et al., 2013; Brodie et al., 2014), e.g. in Norway (Moy and Christie, 2012), as well as off the coast of Australia (Smale and Wernberg, 2013; Wernberg et al., 2013). In addition, changes in the distribution of species have been repor ...
Chapter 34
... 34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels Ecologists study environmental interactions at the levels of the – organism, – population, a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area, ...
... 34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels Ecologists study environmental interactions at the levels of the – organism, – population, a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area, ...
reograph their life. Plants are mov- ing all the time "without the
... trampling, and habitat disruption all pressure plant survival. While people focus on developing medical solutions to combat threats to human health, plants are replete with their own devices, yet to be discovered by humans, for rebounding, thriving, and reproducing. Flexibility of life-style, not on ...
... trampling, and habitat disruption all pressure plant survival. While people focus on developing medical solutions to combat threats to human health, plants are replete with their own devices, yet to be discovered by humans, for rebounding, thriving, and reproducing. Flexibility of life-style, not on ...
Global patterns of stream detritivore distribution: implications
... Hillebrand (2004) showed that diversity gradients are consistent across most taxa, habitats and spatial scales. However, his meta-analysis was based on species presence–absence data, which are insufficient for investigating ecological processes in which relative abundance of species play a major rol ...
... Hillebrand (2004) showed that diversity gradients are consistent across most taxa, habitats and spatial scales. However, his meta-analysis was based on species presence–absence data, which are insufficient for investigating ecological processes in which relative abundance of species play a major rol ...
Population Ecology
... a. Availability of resources varies from place to place b. Living in groups offers better protection from predators c. Some predator species live in packs to better have a chance to get a meal d. Temporary groups may form for mating and caring for young 2. Uniform pattern distribution may occur wher ...
... a. Availability of resources varies from place to place b. Living in groups offers better protection from predators c. Some predator species live in packs to better have a chance to get a meal d. Temporary groups may form for mating and caring for young 2. Uniform pattern distribution may occur wher ...
Chapter 8 - TeacherWeb
... a. Availability of resources varies from place to place b. Living in groups offers better protection from predators c. Some predator species live in packs to better have a chance to get a meal d. Temporary groups may form for mating and caring for young 2. Uniform pattern distribution may occur wher ...
... a. Availability of resources varies from place to place b. Living in groups offers better protection from predators c. Some predator species live in packs to better have a chance to get a meal d. Temporary groups may form for mating and caring for young 2. Uniform pattern distribution may occur wher ...
When two invasion hypotheses are better than one
... an extensive search of the ERH literature and found only 19 studies that manipulated more than one biotic interaction on native and introduced species simultaneously (E. H. Schultheis et al., unpublished). All but one study was conducted on plants, and most were conducted in the introduced range, no ...
... an extensive search of the ERH literature and found only 19 studies that manipulated more than one biotic interaction on native and introduced species simultaneously (E. H. Schultheis et al., unpublished). All but one study was conducted on plants, and most were conducted in the introduced range, no ...
L3_fnl_Plankton Food Web_TEACHER
... than one type of prey and are fed upon by more than one type of predator. When these multiple food chains are put together, they form a complicated web that explains the different pathways through which energy and nutrients move within an ecosystem. ...
... than one type of prey and are fed upon by more than one type of predator. When these multiple food chains are put together, they form a complicated web that explains the different pathways through which energy and nutrients move within an ecosystem. ...
Using Ecological Land Classification
... habitat loss alone and for edge species, decline in population will be less than predicted by habitat loss (Bender et al. 1998). Many articles use more than one source of data so there is a higher certainty in their results because they have both evidence from models and field sampling data. Models ...
... habitat loss alone and for edge species, decline in population will be less than predicted by habitat loss (Bender et al. 1998). Many articles use more than one source of data so there is a higher certainty in their results because they have both evidence from models and field sampling data. Models ...
Chapter One Environment and Ecology
... To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have hig ...
... To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have hig ...
Re-wilding North America Level - The National Evolutionary
... magnitude are staggering. Acquiring and preparing containment areas, breeding, releasing, and monitoring the animals, developing an infrastructure to allow tourism, and other unforeseen costs make this long term project a substantial investment. “Re-wilding” as this plan is called, is interesting on ...
... magnitude are staggering. Acquiring and preparing containment areas, breeding, releasing, and monitoring the animals, developing an infrastructure to allow tourism, and other unforeseen costs make this long term project a substantial investment. “Re-wilding” as this plan is called, is interesting on ...
Biological Stoichiometry: A Chemical Bridge between Ecosystem
... mechanisms and ramifications. In an underappreciated article published in the American Naturalist, Reiners (1986) was among the first to propose a broadly synthetic view of the mechanistic connections among organismal elemental composition, proximate chemical composition, and macroevolutionary trend ...
... mechanisms and ramifications. In an underappreciated article published in the American Naturalist, Reiners (1986) was among the first to propose a broadly synthetic view of the mechanistic connections among organismal elemental composition, proximate chemical composition, and macroevolutionary trend ...
How do living things change over time in order to create
... adaptation natural selection fitness population adaptive advantage Concept: Patterns of Evolution coevolution convergent evolution divergent evolution adaptive radiation artificial selection Concept: Population Genetics population genetics variation bell curve gene pool allelic frequency genotypic f ...
... adaptation natural selection fitness population adaptive advantage Concept: Patterns of Evolution coevolution convergent evolution divergent evolution adaptive radiation artificial selection Concept: Population Genetics population genetics variation bell curve gene pool allelic frequency genotypic f ...
EXPLORING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
... Despite the harsh weather and the ice cover, polar seas are teeming with life ABIOTIC Features: ...
... Despite the harsh weather and the ice cover, polar seas are teeming with life ABIOTIC Features: ...
Chapter 50: Study Questions
... 6. What happens to the energy captured by the primary producers as it moves from one trophic level to another? Why does this occur? 7. How is this change reflected in the change in biomass as you move up the levels? 8. What are the major nutrient cycles on the earth? What is the general pattern? 9. ...
... 6. What happens to the energy captured by the primary producers as it moves from one trophic level to another? Why does this occur? 7. How is this change reflected in the change in biomass as you move up the levels? 8. What are the major nutrient cycles on the earth? What is the general pattern? 9. ...
Interactions in Ecosystems
... growth model, where the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is approached. We construct the logistic model by starting with the exponential model and adding an expression that reduces the per capita rate of increase as N increases. ...
... growth model, where the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is approached. We construct the logistic model by starting with the exponential model and adding an expression that reduces the per capita rate of increase as N increases. ...
principles related to marking life sciences 2009
... There is a great deal of variation amongst the finchessuch as different shapes of beaks On each island the finches lived under different environmental conditions/ had different sources of food The finches underwent natural selection Only those finches that were better suited to obtain the type o ...
... There is a great deal of variation amongst the finchessuch as different shapes of beaks On each island the finches lived under different environmental conditions/ had different sources of food The finches underwent natural selection Only those finches that were better suited to obtain the type o ...
Interesting Open Questions in Disease Ecology and Evolution*
... The fact that abiotic and biotic factors can alter hostparasite interactions—and that animals may specifically use these factors to reduce infection and virulence—may have important consequences for disease ecology and evolution. Although some insights have been gained, especially with regard to the ...
... The fact that abiotic and biotic factors can alter hostparasite interactions—and that animals may specifically use these factors to reduce infection and virulence—may have important consequences for disease ecology and evolution. Although some insights have been gained, especially with regard to the ...
Biology Honors - Southern Regional School District
... DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that ● How do organisms detect, process, and use contain the instructions that code for the formation of information about the environment? proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. ● Multi cellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organ ...
... DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that ● How do organisms detect, process, and use contain the instructions that code for the formation of information about the environment? proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. ● Multi cellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organ ...
File - International Census of Marine Microbes
... microbes listed in textbooks might fall short of a true census because the concept of species is problematic. Bill outlined recent studies on soil fungi and salt marsh bacteria in which the taxa-area relationships were used to extrapolate from local to regional scales. The slopes of these relationsh ...
... microbes listed in textbooks might fall short of a true census because the concept of species is problematic. Bill outlined recent studies on soil fungi and salt marsh bacteria in which the taxa-area relationships were used to extrapolate from local to regional scales. The slopes of these relationsh ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.