A cross-system meta-analysis reveals coupled predation effects on
... richness strongly correlated to effect sizes on biomass. However, the negative predation effect on prey biomass was ameliorated significantly with increasing prey richness and increasing species richness of the manipulated predator assemblage. Moreover, with increasing richness of the predator assem ...
... richness strongly correlated to effect sizes on biomass. However, the negative predation effect on prey biomass was ameliorated significantly with increasing prey richness and increasing species richness of the manipulated predator assemblage. Moreover, with increasing richness of the predator assem ...
What is a Plant Community?
... Today most plant ecologists take a middle ground position between Clement's and Gleason's views, and in many ways have diverged from both. There is wide agreement that species are distributed individualistically, and that community composition typically changes along environmental gradients. Abrupt ...
... Today most plant ecologists take a middle ground position between Clement's and Gleason's views, and in many ways have diverged from both. There is wide agreement that species are distributed individualistically, and that community composition typically changes along environmental gradients. Abrupt ...
Local Ecological Communities
... factors: the extent to which it is internally regulated, the extent to which it has robust boundaries, and the extent to which it has emergent properties. I conclude by using this model to frame a natural research agenda for community ecology. ...
... factors: the extent to which it is internally regulated, the extent to which it has robust boundaries, and the extent to which it has emergent properties. I conclude by using this model to frame a natural research agenda for community ecology. ...
Why Alien Invaders Succeed: Support for the Escape-from
... continent in 200 yr was due to reduced interactions with two specialists. These two organisms directly affect fitness and result in lower per capita reproductive success in Europe compared with North America. Thus, this study offers strong support for the escape-from-enemy hypothesis. However, even ...
... continent in 200 yr was due to reduced interactions with two specialists. These two organisms directly affect fitness and result in lower per capita reproductive success in Europe compared with North America. Thus, this study offers strong support for the escape-from-enemy hypothesis. However, even ...
Simple prediction of interaction strengths in complex food webs
... allometric scaling rules describe relationships between body size, metabolism (8, 9), and food consumption (10, 11). Can these scaling rules at the level of individual trophic links help predict the effect of removing one species on others in a realistically structured food web? While nontrophic int ...
... allometric scaling rules describe relationships between body size, metabolism (8, 9), and food consumption (10, 11). Can these scaling rules at the level of individual trophic links help predict the effect of removing one species on others in a realistically structured food web? While nontrophic int ...
Biogeography - National Open University of Nigeria
... An example of a fragile ecosystem on young, unstable soil the arctic tundra ecosystem. The ecosystem, unlike the tropical raining forest is very young and comparatively simple in its fragility is due to its small number of plants and more particularly soil species, the wide fluctuations of its bird ...
... An example of a fragile ecosystem on young, unstable soil the arctic tundra ecosystem. The ecosystem, unlike the tropical raining forest is very young and comparatively simple in its fragility is due to its small number of plants and more particularly soil species, the wide fluctuations of its bird ...
Ecology of Communities - Sonoma Valley High School
... Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 ...
... Modern Biology Pages 397-402 Section 21-1 ...
The promise of ecological developmental biology
... understood to fit populations genetically to their particular environments by favoring the most welladapted genetic variants, due to their correspondingly high reproductive success or fitness relative to others in the population. In order to predict trajectories of adaptive genetic change in populat ...
... understood to fit populations genetically to their particular environments by favoring the most welladapted genetic variants, due to their correspondingly high reproductive success or fitness relative to others in the population. In order to predict trajectories of adaptive genetic change in populat ...
Evolution and Ecology
... In the mass extinction of 200 million years ago, 70% of marine species were lost. Dietl et al. (2004) studied the effect of this extinction event on predatory snails that drill through the shells of clams. For modern snails, it takes a week to drill into the clam shell; during this time the snail is ...
... In the mass extinction of 200 million years ago, 70% of marine species were lost. Dietl et al. (2004) studied the effect of this extinction event on predatory snails that drill through the shells of clams. For modern snails, it takes a week to drill into the clam shell; during this time the snail is ...
The Role of Biodiversity for the Functioning of Rocky Reef
... terrestrial work has been on producers, making it difficult to adequately compare the mechanisms linking diversity and performance in different systems and to come up with a general framework for understanding the consequences of declining diversity (Giller et al. 2004). This discrepancy is unfortun ...
... terrestrial work has been on producers, making it difficult to adequately compare the mechanisms linking diversity and performance in different systems and to come up with a general framework for understanding the consequences of declining diversity (Giller et al. 2004). This discrepancy is unfortun ...
Ecology 1 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
... phytoplankton, that make their own energy from sunlight). Think about how people’s place in the food chain varies – often within a single meal! Numbers of Organisms: In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are ...
... phytoplankton, that make their own energy from sunlight). Think about how people’s place in the food chain varies – often within a single meal! Numbers of Organisms: In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are ...
Succession
... • Break down dead and decaying material and return the nutrients to the environment • Difference between consumers and decomposers: decomposers return the nutrient to the environment • Ex: Earthworms, Fungi, Bacteria ...
... • Break down dead and decaying material and return the nutrients to the environment • Difference between consumers and decomposers: decomposers return the nutrient to the environment • Ex: Earthworms, Fungi, Bacteria ...
The dynamics of evolutionary stasis - The Institute for Environmental
... by a chain of substitutions that are nearly neutral with respect to overall fitness in the absence of a highly variable environment (Gavrilets 1997). Only a small proportion of mutations with significant phenotypic effects are expected to be advantageous or even neutral. The more variable the enviro ...
... by a chain of substitutions that are nearly neutral with respect to overall fitness in the absence of a highly variable environment (Gavrilets 1997). Only a small proportion of mutations with significant phenotypic effects are expected to be advantageous or even neutral. The more variable the enviro ...
printer-friendly sample test questions
... B. increase due to the increased recycling of nutrients back into the soil. C. decrease due to decreased recycling of nutrients back into the soil. D. increase due to decreased competition with between the plants and fungi. 2nd Item Specification: Understand how different populations interact within ...
... B. increase due to the increased recycling of nutrients back into the soil. C. decrease due to decreased recycling of nutrients back into the soil. D. increase due to decreased competition with between the plants and fungi. 2nd Item Specification: Understand how different populations interact within ...
ap biology summer assignment 2009-2010
... 16. Explain how predation can affect life history through natural selection. 17. Describe several boom-and-bust population cycles, noting possible causes and consequences of the fluctuations. 18. Describe the history of human population growth. 19. Define the demographic transition. 20. Compare the ...
... 16. Explain how predation can affect life history through natural selection. 17. Describe several boom-and-bust population cycles, noting possible causes and consequences of the fluctuations. 18. Describe the history of human population growth. 19. Define the demographic transition. 20. Compare the ...
Body-mass constraints on foraging behaviour determine population
... One key parameter of functional response models is the Hill exponent, h (see eqn. 1), which can be gradually varied to convert hyperbolic, type II (h = 1) into increasingly more sigmoid type III (h > 1) functional responses (Real 1977). An important stabilizing feature of such increases in the Hill ...
... One key parameter of functional response models is the Hill exponent, h (see eqn. 1), which can be gradually varied to convert hyperbolic, type II (h = 1) into increasingly more sigmoid type III (h > 1) functional responses (Real 1977). An important stabilizing feature of such increases in the Hill ...
The speed of ecological speciation
... migrants than to the fitness of hybrids. One reason is that hybrids are often phenotypically intermediate between parental species, and will therefore be less maladapted than are migrants. Another reason is that reproductive barriers acting earlier (on migrants before they reproduce) make a greater ...
... migrants than to the fitness of hybrids. One reason is that hybrids are often phenotypically intermediate between parental species, and will therefore be less maladapted than are migrants. Another reason is that reproductive barriers acting earlier (on migrants before they reproduce) make a greater ...
Rain forest promotes trophic interactions and diversity of
... evaluating the whole bee species of a community, e.g. sweep-netting of flower visitors (Tscharntke et al. 1998; A. M. Klein, data not shown). The trap-nesting community can be categorized into two ecological groups: (i) pollinating species such as bees (ii) and species of higher trophic levels such ...
... evaluating the whole bee species of a community, e.g. sweep-netting of flower visitors (Tscharntke et al. 1998; A. M. Klein, data not shown). The trap-nesting community can be categorized into two ecological groups: (i) pollinating species such as bees (ii) and species of higher trophic levels such ...
Chapter 5: Ecology and evolution: Populations, communities, and
... with one another and produce fertile offspring. Scientists have described between 1.5 million and 1.8 million species, but there are many more still unnamed and undiscovered. Estimates for the total number of species in the world range up to 100 million, many of them in tropical forests. In this lig ...
... with one another and produce fertile offspring. Scientists have described between 1.5 million and 1.8 million species, but there are many more still unnamed and undiscovered. Estimates for the total number of species in the world range up to 100 million, many of them in tropical forests. In this lig ...
A complex adaptive systems approach
... 2. Localized interactions among those components 3. An autonomous process that selects from among those components, based on the results of local interactions Thus, CASs result from three main processes: one that creates diversity (or disorder in general terms), one of interactions between species ( ...
... 2. Localized interactions among those components 3. An autonomous process that selects from among those components, based on the results of local interactions Thus, CASs result from three main processes: one that creates diversity (or disorder in general terms), one of interactions between species ( ...
Title of Lesson Abiotic and Biotic Factors Frame of Reference Abiotic
... Students will be cleared of their misconceptions that interaction between two animals always ends up with one being eaten or damaged. There are some of these relationships where there is not any organism harmed and even some that are benefited between interactions. There still may be some confusion ...
... Students will be cleared of their misconceptions that interaction between two animals always ends up with one being eaten or damaged. There are some of these relationships where there is not any organism harmed and even some that are benefited between interactions. There still may be some confusion ...
carbon cycle
... • Carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules, may be released into the soil or air when the organisms dies. • These molecules may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas, which are known as fossil fuels. • Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms ...
... • Carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules, may be released into the soil or air when the organisms dies. • These molecules may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas, which are known as fossil fuels. • Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms ...
Ocean Food Webs and Tropic Dynamics
... investigations of top down controlling effects in food chains. Both flows of controlling influence are operating in each food chain, however the strenght of each flow will vary between ecosystems and in time and scale. In reality the establishment of food chains is most often an attempt to reduce a ...
... investigations of top down controlling effects in food chains. Both flows of controlling influence are operating in each food chain, however the strenght of each flow will vary between ecosystems and in time and scale. In reality the establishment of food chains is most often an attempt to reduce a ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.