Algae in Fresh Water Ecosystem (PDF Available)
... Most aquatic systems around the world, including rivers, lakes and reservoirs, have undergone changes because of human–induced disturbances from land-use activities (Kuang et al, 2004). Among the freshwater organisms phytoplankton, as primary producers forms the vital energy source at the first trop ...
... Most aquatic systems around the world, including rivers, lakes and reservoirs, have undergone changes because of human–induced disturbances from land-use activities (Kuang et al, 2004). Among the freshwater organisms phytoplankton, as primary producers forms the vital energy source at the first trop ...
Document
... The Third Problem • Adaptation – Different kinds of teeth for different animals, say carnivore ripping teeth and herbivore grinding teeth – Different tissues within species • Heart vs. eye etc. ...
... The Third Problem • Adaptation – Different kinds of teeth for different animals, say carnivore ripping teeth and herbivore grinding teeth – Different tissues within species • Heart vs. eye etc. ...
SPATIAL VARIATION IN TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION ACROSS
... an underlying species abundance distribution. For instance, if the species abundance distribution follows Fisher’s logseries, then an unbiased index of alpha-diversity is Fisher’s α. This assumption has been tested in several tropical tree communities (Condit et al. 1996), but it would be interestin ...
... an underlying species abundance distribution. For instance, if the species abundance distribution follows Fisher’s logseries, then an unbiased index of alpha-diversity is Fisher’s α. This assumption has been tested in several tropical tree communities (Condit et al. 1996), but it would be interestin ...
Invasion, disturbance, and competition: modeling the fate of coastal
... FAX: 337-482-5834; Phone: 337-482-6277 ...
... FAX: 337-482-5834; Phone: 337-482-6277 ...
Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology
... [13]. In other organisms, diet variation reflects differences in morphology [14,15], digestive physiology [16], individual social status [17], or search images from past experience [18]. Each of these causes of variation can have genetic and environmental sources because most traits exhibit intermed ...
... [13]. In other organisms, diet variation reflects differences in morphology [14,15], digestive physiology [16], individual social status [17], or search images from past experience [18]. Each of these causes of variation can have genetic and environmental sources because most traits exhibit intermed ...
McPeek, M. A. 2008. Ecological factors limiting the
... adults. For the most part, these demographic rates are determined by how the phenotypes of individuals in a stage interact with the ecological environment in which they find themselves, but size and energy reserves at the end of the larval phase may also have some influence on adult fecundity (i.e. ...
... adults. For the most part, these demographic rates are determined by how the phenotypes of individuals in a stage interact with the ecological environment in which they find themselves, but size and energy reserves at the end of the larval phase may also have some influence on adult fecundity (i.e. ...
CHAPTER 11
... Differences in the type of organisms may be due to differences in physical factors such as exposure to wave action, the type of rocky substrate (stability and other particulars of the surface including color: at low tide darker substrates may absorb more heat than light substrates), relative exposur ...
... Differences in the type of organisms may be due to differences in physical factors such as exposure to wave action, the type of rocky substrate (stability and other particulars of the surface including color: at low tide darker substrates may absorb more heat than light substrates), relative exposur ...
Biodiversity Principles and Applications
... Cuts, that occur through habitat fragmentation, that were previously termed 'transition zones' and that were thought to enhance biodiversity actually reduce biodiversity. This "edge effect" as it has been coined may be an extremely important factor to consider in management plans... A good way to ac ...
... Cuts, that occur through habitat fragmentation, that were previously termed 'transition zones' and that were thought to enhance biodiversity actually reduce biodiversity. This "edge effect" as it has been coined may be an extremely important factor to consider in management plans... A good way to ac ...
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 2: Habitat: Resources • Lecture
... • And NUH is the letter I use to spell Nutches, Who live in small caves, known as Nitches, for hutches. These Nutches have troubles, the biggest of which is The fact there are many more Nutches than Nitches. Each Nutch in a Nitch knows that some other Nutch Would like to move into his N ...
... • And NUH is the letter I use to spell Nutches, Who live in small caves, known as Nitches, for hutches. These Nutches have troubles, the biggest of which is The fact there are many more Nutches than Nitches. Each Nutch in a Nitch knows that some other Nutch Would like to move into his N ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: It is time for dispersal
... effect of species and number of functional groups. In theory, this approach has mainly focused on how extinction affects function, whereas dispersal limitation of ecosystem function has been rarely discussed. A handful of seed introduction experiments, as well as numerous observations of the effects ...
... effect of species and number of functional groups. In theory, this approach has mainly focused on how extinction affects function, whereas dispersal limitation of ecosystem function has been rarely discussed. A handful of seed introduction experiments, as well as numerous observations of the effects ...
ppt
... Keystone predator – a predator whose activities maintain species diversity at lower trophic levels by disallowing competitive exclusion (Paine 1966) ...
... Keystone predator – a predator whose activities maintain species diversity at lower trophic levels by disallowing competitive exclusion (Paine 1966) ...
Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and
... species, the functions they perform and the resources they consume (reviewed in Soberón 2007). These definitions can be separated into two classes (Soberón 2007). The Grinnellian niche or non-interactive niche, is important for understanding the large-scale geographic distribution of species. The ...
... species, the functions they perform and the resources they consume (reviewed in Soberón 2007). These definitions can be separated into two classes (Soberón 2007). The Grinnellian niche or non-interactive niche, is important for understanding the large-scale geographic distribution of species. The ...
Present State, Problems and Prospects of its Conservation
... will be of interest to students and researchers of conservation biology, ecology and environment. and environment. areas in Vietnam and Indonesia. ...
... will be of interest to students and researchers of conservation biology, ecology and environment. and environment. areas in Vietnam and Indonesia. ...
Eco-evolutionary dynamics - Philosophical Transactions of the
... analyse a system of coupled ecological and evolutionary dynamics to derive an evolutionary maximum principle under these more realistic conditions. They show how ‘the magnitude of environmental stochasticity and the form of density dependence govern the trade-off between r and K selection’. (b) How ...
... analyse a system of coupled ecological and evolutionary dynamics to derive an evolutionary maximum principle under these more realistic conditions. They show how ‘the magnitude of environmental stochasticity and the form of density dependence govern the trade-off between r and K selection’. (b) How ...
Research frontiers in null model analysis
... tests can be tailored to address specific hypotheses about pattern, and to reflect sampling limitations and the spatial scale at which the data were collected. For these sorts of null models, many of the innovations have come from ecologists and biogeographers, rather than from statisticians. Constr ...
... tests can be tailored to address specific hypotheses about pattern, and to reflect sampling limitations and the spatial scale at which the data were collected. For these sorts of null models, many of the innovations have come from ecologists and biogeographers, rather than from statisticians. Constr ...
lecture_ch08_clickers
... Natural selection does not lead to organisms perfectly adapted to their environment because: 1. Environments can change more quickly than natural selection can adapt organisms to them. 2. All possible alleles are not produced by mutation. 3. There is not always a single optimum adaptation for an env ...
... Natural selection does not lead to organisms perfectly adapted to their environment because: 1. Environments can change more quickly than natural selection can adapt organisms to them. 2. All possible alleles are not produced by mutation. 3. There is not always a single optimum adaptation for an env ...
Variability of species` roles in marine communities
... Choice of spatial and temporal scales affects our interpretation of species’ roles. If Paine’s (1966) mussels had been perceived as a structurally important species (as they are), their starfish predator would have been regarded as a disturbance preventing development of both mussel beds and the ass ...
... Choice of spatial and temporal scales affects our interpretation of species’ roles. If Paine’s (1966) mussels had been perceived as a structurally important species (as they are), their starfish predator would have been regarded as a disturbance preventing development of both mussel beds and the ass ...
Evolution -- History of Life
... If the species present on the earth were descended from a few simpler forms, then we could expect to be able to classify them into ph____, cl_____, or____, fa______, gen____ and species just as is now done. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine how this would have been possible were the orga ...
... If the species present on the earth were descended from a few simpler forms, then we could expect to be able to classify them into ph____, cl_____, or____, fa______, gen____ and species just as is now done. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine how this would have been possible were the orga ...
Is the role of trophic control larger in a stressed ecosystem?
... Earlier, we have shown that a higher average positional keystone index of trophic components leads to less reliable energy flows through a food web (Jordán and Molnár 1999, Jordán et al. 1999). This means that the food supply of higher consumers is more secure if points in the flow network are of si ...
... Earlier, we have shown that a higher average positional keystone index of trophic components leads to less reliable energy flows through a food web (Jordán and Molnár 1999, Jordán et al. 1999). This means that the food supply of higher consumers is more secure if points in the flow network are of si ...
THE BIOLOGY OF DESERTS. David Ward. 2009.
... In Chapter Seven, Ward continues to make the case that plant–animal interactions in desert communities are important to shaping their structure; i.e., that it is not abiotic conditions alone that determine the biodiversity of arid ecosystems. In particular, he examines and reexamines data on herbivo ...
... In Chapter Seven, Ward continues to make the case that plant–animal interactions in desert communities are important to shaping their structure; i.e., that it is not abiotic conditions alone that determine the biodiversity of arid ecosystems. In particular, he examines and reexamines data on herbivo ...
6-3 Biodiversity
... Many conservation efforts are aimed at managing individual species to keep them from becoming extinct. ...
... Many conservation efforts are aimed at managing individual species to keep them from becoming extinct. ...
Undetected Species Losses, Food Webs, and
... unreported extirpations from two well-studied National Parks in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA. Yellowstone National Park, hereinafter Yellowstone, was established in 1872 and Grand Teton as a national monument in 1929, before elevation to Park status in 1950 (Fig. 1). Together these contigu ...
... unreported extirpations from two well-studied National Parks in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA. Yellowstone National Park, hereinafter Yellowstone, was established in 1872 and Grand Teton as a national monument in 1929, before elevation to Park status in 1950 (Fig. 1). Together these contigu ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.