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Aug31-Sept11
Aug31-Sept11

... things. ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
Sample pages 2 PDF

... proteins and membrane lipids to their proper locations within a cell. Also, there may be plastids such as chloroplasts (n), leucoplasts, and chromoplasts; and non-living substances of water-soluble products or reserve substances such as oil droplets, protein bodies, and crystals (see 3). Nucleus. Th ...
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... 1. Ask your teacher to put a drop of iodine stain on a slide. Gently scrape the agar plate for a bacterial colony. CAUTION: Do not scrape so hard that you cut into the agar. 2. Rub the toothpick in the stain and leave it there for 30 seconds. 3. Remove the tooth pick from the stain and coverslip. 4. ...
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Biochemical switches in the cell cycle



A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.
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