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RNA and Central Dogma
RNA and Central Dogma

... • Transcription: DNA acts as the template for RNA synthesis (Making RNA) • Translation: RNA directs the assembly of a protein (Using RNA) ...
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... Aluminium (Al) is a powerful neurotoxin and has been associated with various cognitive disorders. Al causes extensive damage to the nervous system by accelerating oxidative damage to biomolecules like lipid, protein and nucleic acids. Natural antioxidants, which alleviate the oxidative stress or ind ...
Molecular markers
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... unique to taxonomic groups useful biomarkers. Identifying intact proteins and peptides buried in marine sediments would give valuable information towards understanding marine biogeochemical cycles and reconstructing algal/microbial populations [9,10]. The complex matrix effects of sediments [11–13], ...
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... Separating DNA • Gel electrophoresis – Used to separate DNA fragments. DNA fragments placed in a gel and electricity is applied to the gel. DNA molecules are negatively charged and move towards the positive end of the gel. Smaller DNA fragments move faster and farther – This technique used to compa ...
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... Starch is an α-D-glucose polysaccharide used for energy storage and has two different forms: amylose and amylopectin (roughly 1:3 ratio) Amylose is linear and joined by 1α-4 linkages Amylopectin is branched with branches forming 1α-6 linkages Glycogen is another branched polysaccharide (with similar ...
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Gel electrophoresis



Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and/or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of agarose or other substances. Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel. This phenomenon is called sieving.Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too large to sieve proteins. Gel electrophoresis can also be used for separation of nanoparticles.Gel electrophoresis uses a gel as an anticonvective medium and/or sieving medium during electrophoresis, the movement of a charged particle in an electrical field. Gels suppress the thermal convection caused by application of the electric field, and can also act as a sieving medium, retarding the passage of molecules; gels can also simply serve to maintain the finished separation, so that a post electrophoresis stain can be applied. DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, often after amplification of DNA via PCR, but may be used as a preparative technique prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry, RFLP, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing, or Southern blotting for further characterization.
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