A study of secondary seed predation and dispersal in Bornean Peat
... The potential importance of higher predation pressure close to the parent tree can be complicated by several factors. Insects are suggested to have a small range within which they predate and, as such, dispersal will allow the seeds to escape it, but terrestrial rodents have a much larger range and ...
... The potential importance of higher predation pressure close to the parent tree can be complicated by several factors. Insects are suggested to have a small range within which they predate and, as such, dispersal will allow the seeds to escape it, but terrestrial rodents have a much larger range and ...
Picture - Emanuel A. Fronhofer
... hierarchical levels. These forces are the result of internal and external conditions or limiting factors, mechanisms, processes and interactions. These may be broadly classified into abiotic (landscape) and biotic forces, where the latter can be subdivided into intraspecific (on the levels of genes, ...
... hierarchical levels. These forces are the result of internal and external conditions or limiting factors, mechanisms, processes and interactions. These may be broadly classified into abiotic (landscape) and biotic forces, where the latter can be subdivided into intraspecific (on the levels of genes, ...
Competition intensity and its importance: results of field experiments
... about 25 cm) along the edges of both manipulated and control plots with the same frequency as the clipping of above-ground parts. In most cases in Norway, trenching approached base rock, while in Estonia the depth of trenching corresponds to a depth which includes at least 95% of all roots of the he ...
... about 25 cm) along the edges of both manipulated and control plots with the same frequency as the clipping of above-ground parts. In most cases in Norway, trenching approached base rock, while in Estonia the depth of trenching corresponds to a depth which includes at least 95% of all roots of the he ...
Inverse density dependence and the Allee effect
... predators46. Although it has never been proposed, another, nonexclusive, factor is the existence of an Allee effect, which would render this species more sensitive to other mortality factors. Wild dogs live in groups of up to 20 adults and their dependent young23. The hunting strategy of the group u ...
... predators46. Although it has never been proposed, another, nonexclusive, factor is the existence of an Allee effect, which would render this species more sensitive to other mortality factors. Wild dogs live in groups of up to 20 adults and their dependent young23. The hunting strategy of the group u ...
A General Theory of Clutch Size
... the axes representsnot the actual amount energyon eitherlayingmanyeggs,avoiding of energyspent, but the advantagegained enemies,or competingmore efficiently for by the individualwho spendsthat amount resources.Since a jack-of-all-tradespolicy of energy on that particularrequirement. often bringsgrea ...
... the axes representsnot the actual amount energyon eitherlayingmanyeggs,avoiding of energyspent, but the advantagegained enemies,or competingmore efficiently for by the individualwho spendsthat amount resources.Since a jack-of-all-tradespolicy of energy on that particularrequirement. often bringsgrea ...
File - Links Biology Website
... Define: Introduced Species or exotic species Define: Species Diversity Define: Habitat fragmentation Define: Captive Breeding Define: Biological Magnification Define: Habitat Preservation Define: Conservation Biology Describe the factors that affect population density. Identify when a population is ...
... Define: Introduced Species or exotic species Define: Species Diversity Define: Habitat fragmentation Define: Captive Breeding Define: Biological Magnification Define: Habitat Preservation Define: Conservation Biology Describe the factors that affect population density. Identify when a population is ...
Habitat Selection by Female Swift Foxes
... ABSTRACT The swift fox (Vulpes velox) was historically distributed in western South Dakota including the region surrounding Badlands National Park (BNP). The species declined during the mid-1800s, largely due to habitat loss and poisoning targeted at wolves (Canis lupis) and coyotes (C. latrans). On ...
... ABSTRACT The swift fox (Vulpes velox) was historically distributed in western South Dakota including the region surrounding Badlands National Park (BNP). The species declined during the mid-1800s, largely due to habitat loss and poisoning targeted at wolves (Canis lupis) and coyotes (C. latrans). On ...
Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter coexistence and
... 1997, 2001; Sanders et al., 1998; van der Heijden et al., 1998a, 1998b). AMF inoculation and plant growth conditions Seeds of each plant species were germinated on moist sterilized quartz sand on 20 March 1997 in the glasshouse. On 11 April 1997, three seedlings of Brachypodium together with three s ...
... 1997, 2001; Sanders et al., 1998; van der Heijden et al., 1998a, 1998b). AMF inoculation and plant growth conditions Seeds of each plant species were germinated on moist sterilized quartz sand on 20 March 1997 in the glasshouse. On 11 April 1997, three seedlings of Brachypodium together with three s ...
stability of terrestrial ecosystems as to pest organisms
... prevails in ecosystems with dominance of its host-trees. Indeed, the outbreaks are interrupted by decades, when there are no problems with its density. Further, dendrochonologic studies had shown that in past centuries, before structure of forest ecosystems was disturbed by people, outbreaks of the ...
... prevails in ecosystems with dominance of its host-trees. Indeed, the outbreaks are interrupted by decades, when there are no problems with its density. Further, dendrochonologic studies had shown that in past centuries, before structure of forest ecosystems was disturbed by people, outbreaks of the ...
paper
... happen at the pace of ecology means that ecological changes can directly shape evolution and vice versa. Ecological inheritance: The inheritance, via an external environment, of one or more natural selection pressures previously modified by niche-constructing organisms (Odling-Smee et al. 2003). Eco ...
... happen at the pace of ecology means that ecological changes can directly shape evolution and vice versa. Ecological inheritance: The inheritance, via an external environment, of one or more natural selection pressures previously modified by niche-constructing organisms (Odling-Smee et al. 2003). Eco ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on plant competition and
... growth performance between AMF and non-AMF colonization treatments) among plant species lead to the concept of the ‘mutualism–parasitism continuum’, which can occur in both obligate and facultative mycorrhizal plants (Johnson, Graham & Smith 1997). This continuum concept was corroborated by a meta-a ...
... growth performance between AMF and non-AMF colonization treatments) among plant species lead to the concept of the ‘mutualism–parasitism continuum’, which can occur in both obligate and facultative mycorrhizal plants (Johnson, Graham & Smith 1997). This continuum concept was corroborated by a meta-a ...
SILICA ACCUMULATION IN GRASSES IN REPONSE TO A LARGE
... The exclosures were set up in June 2006, so ensure no grazing from the selected herbivores during two years prior to the sampling (2008). The cages were approximately 50 cm sideway and approximately 60 cm high, thus reaching above the vegetation. They were placed between 0,5 and 6 meters from the th ...
... The exclosures were set up in June 2006, so ensure no grazing from the selected herbivores during two years prior to the sampling (2008). The cages were approximately 50 cm sideway and approximately 60 cm high, thus reaching above the vegetation. They were placed between 0,5 and 6 meters from the th ...
Soundscape Ecology
... the sounds detected by microphones, which allows signal processors to reconstruct the frequency distribution of signal intensity over time. Intensity is most commonly recorded as dB (decibels), although digital recorders store amplitude in dBFS (or decibels full scale); the peak is assigned a value ...
... the sounds detected by microphones, which allows signal processors to reconstruct the frequency distribution of signal intensity over time. Intensity is most commonly recorded as dB (decibels), although digital recorders store amplitude in dBFS (or decibels full scale); the peak is assigned a value ...
Food Webs, Risks of Alien Enemies and Reform of Biological Control
... webs and, thus, to biological control (Chesson, 2000). Theoretical work shows how self-damping affects the ability of a natural enemy to suppress its prey or host population (Levins and Schultz, 1996). In many cases, the impact of enemy species on average prey density varies inversely with the stren ...
... webs and, thus, to biological control (Chesson, 2000). Theoretical work shows how self-damping affects the ability of a natural enemy to suppress its prey or host population (Levins and Schultz, 1996). In many cases, the impact of enemy species on average prey density varies inversely with the stren ...
Spot-tailed Quoll Action Statement
... logging) in south-eastern NSW, Spot-tailed Quolls avoided forest that had been recently logged, but used logged forest that had grown sufficiently to provide ground cover and a dense overstorey, particularly those areas with many logs left lying on the ground after logging, providing abundant den si ...
... logging) in south-eastern NSW, Spot-tailed Quolls avoided forest that had been recently logged, but used logged forest that had grown sufficiently to provide ground cover and a dense overstorey, particularly those areas with many logs left lying on the ground after logging, providing abundant den si ...
Non-lethal effects of predation in birds
... of birds (and also mammals) within the context of anti-predation behaviour, their role relative to lethal effects is probably underestimated. Birds show many behavioural and physiological changes to reduce direct mortality from predation and these are likely to have negative effects on other aspects ...
... of birds (and also mammals) within the context of anti-predation behaviour, their role relative to lethal effects is probably underestimated. Birds show many behavioural and physiological changes to reduce direct mortality from predation and these are likely to have negative effects on other aspects ...
Blanding`s Turtle Fast Facts - The shape of a
... and hibernating. As these diverse habitats disappear it has a big impact on their population. Blanding’s turtles are primarily an aquatic species but are known to travel over large distances on dry land when searching for nesting sites. During the spring and summer Blanding’s turtles prefer shallow, ...
... and hibernating. As these diverse habitats disappear it has a big impact on their population. Blanding’s turtles are primarily an aquatic species but are known to travel over large distances on dry land when searching for nesting sites. During the spring and summer Blanding’s turtles prefer shallow, ...
Disturbance and distributions: avoiding exclusion in a warming world
... elevation treeline, thus expanding the area for high elevation vegetation that cannot otherwise persist under tree cover. The role of disturbance in influencing interspecific competition and resulting species persistence and distributions appears unjustly neglected. I identify various implications, ...
... elevation treeline, thus expanding the area for high elevation vegetation that cannot otherwise persist under tree cover. The role of disturbance in influencing interspecific competition and resulting species persistence and distributions appears unjustly neglected. I identify various implications, ...
Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology - Laramie County School District #2
... Scientists who study ecology are called ecologists. Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods. For example, ecologists, like the one shown in Figure 2.2, perform tests in organisms’ environments. Results from these tests might give clues as to why organisms are a ...
... Scientists who study ecology are called ecologists. Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods. For example, ecologists, like the one shown in Figure 2.2, perform tests in organisms’ environments. Results from these tests might give clues as to why organisms are a ...
Rountree, R.A., and K.W. Able. 2007
... to discuss one without the other. In the following we will first point out how little is known of marsh functions for nekton, and then we will present a more detailed discussion of marsh structure, including inferences about function that can be drawn from structure. Before we can begin our discussi ...
... to discuss one without the other. In the following we will first point out how little is known of marsh functions for nekton, and then we will present a more detailed discussion of marsh structure, including inferences about function that can be drawn from structure. Before we can begin our discussi ...
Are You suprised
... without established colonies had significantly lower growth and survival than all others, indicating the importance of post-settlement factors at this site. The other site where adults were absent had similar growth and survival to sites with established colonies, indicating dispersal limitation at ...
... without established colonies had significantly lower growth and survival than all others, indicating the importance of post-settlement factors at this site. The other site where adults were absent had similar growth and survival to sites with established colonies, indicating dispersal limitation at ...
Phenotypic plasticity and interactions among plants
... contrast to our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of phenotypic plasticity, which is well established and rapidly advancing, we know little about the consequences of plasticity for ecological interactions in plant communities. For example, phenotypic plasticity may alter the sign and magnitu ...
... contrast to our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of phenotypic plasticity, which is well established and rapidly advancing, we know little about the consequences of plasticity for ecological interactions in plant communities. For example, phenotypic plasticity may alter the sign and magnitu ...
The Impacts of African Elephant - ScholarWorks@GVSU
... The effect that elephants have on other animals is not always clear or consistent between areas. Typically a decrease in non-elephant density accompanies rising elephant densities (Valeix et al., 2011) As elephants change the structure of the landscape, they can modify the amount of visibility in an ...
... The effect that elephants have on other animals is not always clear or consistent between areas. Typically a decrease in non-elephant density accompanies rising elephant densities (Valeix et al., 2011) As elephants change the structure of the landscape, they can modify the amount of visibility in an ...
Original Article Faunestic Study of the Aquatic Arthropods in a
... Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, where the author identified the specimens using the keys of aquatic insects based on Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia 2012 and other relevant systematic keys. In this study we used stereo-typed microscope and microscope to identificati ...
... Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, where the author identified the specimens using the keys of aquatic insects based on Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia 2012 and other relevant systematic keys. In this study we used stereo-typed microscope and microscope to identificati ...
Synthesis: comparing effects of resource and consumer fluxes into
... to the food web in which they were produced) but consumer fluxes may not be (consumers can leave). (H2) Following H1, the indirect effects should attenuate (weaken) more quickly for consumer fluxes than for resource fluxes due to their direct effects being weaker. (H3) The effects of resource fluxes ...
... to the food web in which they were produced) but consumer fluxes may not be (consumers can leave). (H2) Following H1, the indirect effects should attenuate (weaken) more quickly for consumer fluxes than for resource fluxes due to their direct effects being weaker. (H3) The effects of resource fluxes ...
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, originally called the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project is a large-scale ecological experiment looking at the effects of habitat fragmentation on tropical rainforest; it is one of the most expensive biology experiments ever run. The experiment, which was established in 1979 is located near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon. The project is jointly managed by the Smithsonian Institution and INPA, the Brazilian Institute for Research in the Amazon.The project was initiated in 1979 by Thomas Lovejoy to investigate the SLOSS debate. Initially named the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project, the project created forest fragments of sizes 1 hectare (2 acres), 10 hectares (25 acres), and 100 hectares (247 acres). Data were collected prior to the creation of the fragments and studies of the effects of fragmentation now exceed 25 years.As of October 2010 562 publications and 143 graduate dissertations and theses had emerged from the project.