From regional to global patterns in vertebrate scavenger
... food subsidies from big game hunting world-wide. Scavenger richness (2.0– 11.0% of vertebrates/region) positively correlated with total vertebrate richness. Although scavenger communities at hunting remains varied among regions, we describe a general structural pattern. Birds and mammals dominate co ...
... food subsidies from big game hunting world-wide. Scavenger richness (2.0– 11.0% of vertebrates/region) positively correlated with total vertebrate richness. Although scavenger communities at hunting remains varied among regions, we describe a general structural pattern. Birds and mammals dominate co ...
Online Resource Title: Supporting conservation with biodiversity
... of agriculture so re-creation of a habitat mosaic with lots of edge habitat necessary cover and diversity high in riparian small-holder farms may be compatible woodlands, moderate in smallwith conservation, but riparian holder and wooded grasslands, and woodlands are key low in large-holder farms lo ...
... of agriculture so re-creation of a habitat mosaic with lots of edge habitat necessary cover and diversity high in riparian small-holder farms may be compatible woodlands, moderate in smallwith conservation, but riparian holder and wooded grasslands, and woodlands are key low in large-holder farms lo ...
Land-use history - India Environment Portal
... species richness for most taxa (Gibson et al. 2011). Debinski et al. (2011) found taxa-specific responses of arthropod communities to land-use legacies (historic agriculture, grazing or fire regimes) in Midwestern grasslands, with herbivorous taxa responding most strongly to characteristics of the p ...
... species richness for most taxa (Gibson et al. 2011). Debinski et al. (2011) found taxa-specific responses of arthropod communities to land-use legacies (historic agriculture, grazing or fire regimes) in Midwestern grasslands, with herbivorous taxa responding most strongly to characteristics of the p ...
Ecosystem Evolution and Conservation
... A major problem in conservation biology is to decide the target of conservation: should conservation efforts aim to preserve species or ecosystems? The traditional approach has, by necessity, focused on particular species threatened by extinction. With the increasing attention on preserving biodiver ...
... A major problem in conservation biology is to decide the target of conservation: should conservation efforts aim to preserve species or ecosystems? The traditional approach has, by necessity, focused on particular species threatened by extinction. With the increasing attention on preserving biodiver ...
The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota
... What controles the community / food web structure? Top-down or bottom-up? (predation or availability of food resources) - Litter enrichment experiments (food, habitat structure, moisture) - Predator exclosure experiments - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to s ...
... What controles the community / food web structure? Top-down or bottom-up? (predation or availability of food resources) - Litter enrichment experiments (food, habitat structure, moisture) - Predator exclosure experiments - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to s ...
Basic and Applied Ecology
... A long-term goal of ecologists is to understand the role of trophic interactions in shaping community structure. Resource availability (“bottom-up” factors) and natural enemies (“top-down factors) both affect various aspects of community structure, but the extent to which species diversity determine ...
... A long-term goal of ecologists is to understand the role of trophic interactions in shaping community structure. Resource availability (“bottom-up” factors) and natural enemies (“top-down factors) both affect various aspects of community structure, but the extent to which species diversity determine ...
Diversity and ecosystem functioning: Litter decomposition
... rainforest is highly endangered: only 11.7% of the original 150 million ha remain (Ribeiro et al., 2009). Of these remnants, 32–40% are small fragments (<50 ha) or less-species-rich secondary forests. This trend of forest destruction, fragmentation and transformation into secondary forests causes a ...
... rainforest is highly endangered: only 11.7% of the original 150 million ha remain (Ribeiro et al., 2009). Of these remnants, 32–40% are small fragments (<50 ha) or less-species-rich secondary forests. This trend of forest destruction, fragmentation and transformation into secondary forests causes a ...
BDOL – Chapter #2 – Principles of Ecology
... oceans. This life-supporting layer may seem extensive to us, but if you could shrink Earth to the size of an apple, the biosphere would be thinner than the apple’s peel. Although it is thin, the biosphere is very diverse and supports a wide range of organisms. The climate, soils, plants, and animals ...
... oceans. This life-supporting layer may seem extensive to us, but if you could shrink Earth to the size of an apple, the biosphere would be thinner than the apple’s peel. Although it is thin, the biosphere is very diverse and supports a wide range of organisms. The climate, soils, plants, and animals ...
spillover and species interactions across habitat edges between
... diversity while also increasing food production to meet the demands of a growing human population. Land-use change, primarily resulting from conversion to production land, is currently the leading cause of biodiversity loss. This occurs through habitat loss, fragmentation of remaining natural habita ...
... diversity while also increasing food production to meet the demands of a growing human population. Land-use change, primarily resulting from conversion to production land, is currently the leading cause of biodiversity loss. This occurs through habitat loss, fragmentation of remaining natural habita ...
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only.
... only confer a high level of functional redundancy to a given ecosystem at any given time, but also represent a strong potential for compensatory dynamics under changing environmental conditions. This is based on the fact that microbial species might have different optima regarding specific environme ...
... only confer a high level of functional redundancy to a given ecosystem at any given time, but also represent a strong potential for compensatory dynamics under changing environmental conditions. This is based on the fact that microbial species might have different optima regarding specific environme ...
Nesting Success of Birds in Different Silvicultural Treatments in
... that may affect birds (Thompson et al. 1992, 1995). Indeed, silvicultural practices may affect the abundance and habitat use of a variety of bird species, including some forest species that are showing long-term population changes (Thompson et al. 1992, 1995). Yet studies of the effects of silvicult ...
... that may affect birds (Thompson et al. 1992, 1995). Indeed, silvicultural practices may affect the abundance and habitat use of a variety of bird species, including some forest species that are showing long-term population changes (Thompson et al. 1992, 1995). Yet studies of the effects of silvicult ...
A cross-system synthesis of consumer and nutrient
... extremely unstable, displaying limit-cycle or chaotic behaviour across much of their parameter space, even when the chains are persistent (i.e. all three species maintain population densities bounded away from zero indefinitely [Abrams & Roth 1994]). How generally other ecological factors such as sp ...
... extremely unstable, displaying limit-cycle or chaotic behaviour across much of their parameter space, even when the chains are persistent (i.e. all three species maintain population densities bounded away from zero indefinitely [Abrams & Roth 1994]). How generally other ecological factors such as sp ...
pdf - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
... extremely unstable, displaying limit-cycle or chaotic behaviour across much of their parameter space, even when the chains are persistent (i.e. all three species maintain population densities bounded away from zero indefinitely [Abrams & Roth 1994]). How generally other ecological factors such as sp ...
... extremely unstable, displaying limit-cycle or chaotic behaviour across much of their parameter space, even when the chains are persistent (i.e. all three species maintain population densities bounded away from zero indefinitely [Abrams & Roth 1994]). How generally other ecological factors such as sp ...
3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
... predict the consequences of this lost biodiversity? We know that Earth’s biota moves hundreds of thousands of tons of elements and compounds between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere every year. Living organisms obviously play a major role in the planet’s dynamics, but what role does spec ...
... predict the consequences of this lost biodiversity? We know that Earth’s biota moves hundreds of thousands of tons of elements and compounds between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere every year. Living organisms obviously play a major role in the planet’s dynamics, but what role does spec ...
Large, natural blocks of mature woodland habitat within
... The Schedules, including description of wildlife habitat, wildlife species, and the criteria provided for determining SWH, are based on science and expert knowledge. The ELC Ecosite codes are described using the Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario lxxviii. The information within thes ...
... The Schedules, including description of wildlife habitat, wildlife species, and the criteria provided for determining SWH, are based on science and expert knowledge. The ELC Ecosite codes are described using the Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario lxxviii. The information within thes ...
A framework for community and ecosystem
... arise from interactions with other species that comprise the community. Whether particular species contribute to community phenotypes depends on how genetically based traits within species interact to influence the fitness of other species. Recent findings suggest that the variation in community and ...
... arise from interactions with other species that comprise the community. Whether particular species contribute to community phenotypes depends on how genetically based traits within species interact to influence the fitness of other species. Recent findings suggest that the variation in community and ...
Keystone species - Department of Conservation
... It seems probable that in any community the removal of individual species would reveal a spectrum of types from so-called redundant species (whose removal has a negligible effect) to keystone species (whose removal causes major changes). The existence of redundant species may be implicit in the ...
... It seems probable that in any community the removal of individual species would reveal a spectrum of types from so-called redundant species (whose removal has a negligible effect) to keystone species (whose removal causes major changes). The existence of redundant species may be implicit in the ...
Downloaded
... However, ecosystems depend on the organisms within them. Over the past quarter century, biodiversity experiments have revealed that communities with fewer species generally function less efficiently [5,7,9–11]. This literature is now large and has been well synthesized, including several detailed me ...
... However, ecosystems depend on the organisms within them. Over the past quarter century, biodiversity experiments have revealed that communities with fewer species generally function less efficiently [5,7,9–11]. This literature is now large and has been well synthesized, including several detailed me ...
Native Plant Grow`lh and Seedling Establishment in Soils
... Klironornos 2005). The new community can result in either positive feedbacks, 111 which the AMF that benefits most from the plant returns benefits hack to that plant, or negative feedbacks, in which the AMF that benefit most from the plant provide more benefits to other plant species. The former cas ...
... Klironornos 2005). The new community can result in either positive feedbacks, 111 which the AMF that benefits most from the plant returns benefits hack to that plant, or negative feedbacks, in which the AMF that benefit most from the plant provide more benefits to other plant species. The former cas ...
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... to random expectation. When all items within a group are identical, then A=1, the highest possible value for A. If heterogeneity within groups equals chance expectation, then A=0. If there is less agreement within groups than might be expected by chance, then A<0. In community ecology, values for A ...
... to random expectation. When all items within a group are identical, then A=1, the highest possible value for A. If heterogeneity within groups equals chance expectation, then A=0. If there is less agreement within groups than might be expected by chance, then A<0. In community ecology, values for A ...
TITLE: It`s a Puma-eat-Deer-eat-Grass World!
... survive. Low birth rates and large home ranges make carnivores more sensitive to habitat loss than other species and are often among the first casualties when land is developed. To make matters worse, government-sponsored large-scale predator eradication projects further reduce carnivore populations ...
... survive. Low birth rates and large home ranges make carnivores more sensitive to habitat loss than other species and are often among the first casualties when land is developed. To make matters worse, government-sponsored large-scale predator eradication projects further reduce carnivore populations ...
Species Action Plan - Butterfly Conservation
... otherwise intensive management by the Forestry Commission. This has successfully maintained the Black Hairstreak in the forest (while many other butterfly species have died out), even though there have been occasional felling of breeding areas in error. However, it is desirable to preserve some tree ...
... otherwise intensive management by the Forestry Commission. This has successfully maintained the Black Hairstreak in the forest (while many other butterfly species have died out), even though there have been occasional felling of breeding areas in error. However, it is desirable to preserve some tree ...
Chapter 2
... 1) Do more types of viruses exist than species of organisms on Earth? If each organism has several specific viruses (likely), then yes. 2) Should separate taxonomic definitions of species be used for microbes than those that are used for animals? Probably, they already are, and microbial taxonomy mu ...
... 1) Do more types of viruses exist than species of organisms on Earth? If each organism has several specific viruses (likely), then yes. 2) Should separate taxonomic definitions of species be used for microbes than those that are used for animals? Probably, they already are, and microbial taxonomy mu ...
Synthesis of Conservation Plans and Strategies for
... require concerted management and collaborative planning at the scale of the Australian continent. A rapidly changing climate increases the urgency for targeted, cross-tenure action that reduces the severity of critical threats at this broad scale. Secondly, given the size and remoteness of central A ...
... require concerted management and collaborative planning at the scale of the Australian continent. A rapidly changing climate increases the urgency for targeted, cross-tenure action that reduces the severity of critical threats at this broad scale. Secondly, given the size and remoteness of central A ...
The Landscape Ecology of Invasive Spread
... biodiversity, little theoretical or empirical research has addressed the effects of landscape structure—or spatial pattern more generally—on the spread of invasive species. Landscape ecology is the study of how spatial pattern affects ecological process. Thus, a landscape ecology of invasive spread ...
... biodiversity, little theoretical or empirical research has addressed the effects of landscape structure—or spatial pattern more generally—on the spread of invasive species. Landscape ecology is the study of how spatial pattern affects ecological process. Thus, a landscape ecology of invasive spread ...
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, originally called the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project is a large-scale ecological experiment looking at the effects of habitat fragmentation on tropical rainforest; it is one of the most expensive biology experiments ever run. The experiment, which was established in 1979 is located near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon. The project is jointly managed by the Smithsonian Institution and INPA, the Brazilian Institute for Research in the Amazon.The project was initiated in 1979 by Thomas Lovejoy to investigate the SLOSS debate. Initially named the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project, the project created forest fragments of sizes 1 hectare (2 acres), 10 hectares (25 acres), and 100 hectares (247 acres). Data were collected prior to the creation of the fragments and studies of the effects of fragmentation now exceed 25 years.As of October 2010 562 publications and 143 graduate dissertations and theses had emerged from the project.