Cooperation in Hard Times: Self
... acknowledge that under some circumstances, protection will be necessary. A sudden surge of imports, for instance, can inflict significant injury on a domestic importcompeting industry, leading to demands for temporary trade barriers. As states confront uncertainty over when they may need to impose p ...
... acknowledge that under some circumstances, protection will be necessary. A sudden surge of imports, for instance, can inflict significant injury on a domestic importcompeting industry, leading to demands for temporary trade barriers. As states confront uncertainty over when they may need to impose p ...
Foreign Currency Transactions
... A Derivative Defined FASB 133 defines a derivative as a financial instrument or contract possessing all of the following characteristics: The financial instrument must contain one or more underlying, and one or more notional amounts. ...
... A Derivative Defined FASB 133 defines a derivative as a financial instrument or contract possessing all of the following characteristics: The financial instrument must contain one or more underlying, and one or more notional amounts. ...
empirical studies of nigeria`s foreign exchange parallel market ii
... over time, including political dynamics, the changing pattern of international trade and institutional changes in the economy (such as structural shifts in production). It is a fair characterization to say that Nigeria's foreign exchange rate management policy varied according to episodic changes in ...
... over time, including political dynamics, the changing pattern of international trade and institutional changes in the economy (such as structural shifts in production). It is a fair characterization to say that Nigeria's foreign exchange rate management policy varied according to episodic changes in ...
ESSENTIALS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS:
... international monetary and financial sphere as an independent phenomenon, which is not connected directly with the external trade and the international factor flows ...
... international monetary and financial sphere as an independent phenomenon, which is not connected directly with the external trade and the international factor flows ...
The Effects of Monetary Policy on Prices in Malawi
... between the Keynesian interest rate channel and the classical money supply channel has hatched other conflicting views that are supported by equally conflicting evidence. Thus, even in the early literature, the evidence that policy matters (for example, Sims, 1972; Stock and Watson, 1989; Romer and ...
... between the Keynesian interest rate channel and the classical money supply channel has hatched other conflicting views that are supported by equally conflicting evidence. Thus, even in the early literature, the evidence that policy matters (for example, Sims, 1972; Stock and Watson, 1989; Romer and ...
Demand for Money in the Transition Economy
... (privatisation, liberalisation, tax reform, convertibility of the exchange rate, price deregulation, etc.). During the transition period, monetary policy decisions generally involve a higher degree of uncertainty. The main problem faced by the authorities during transition is to define a stable poli ...
... (privatisation, liberalisation, tax reform, convertibility of the exchange rate, price deregulation, etc.). During the transition period, monetary policy decisions generally involve a higher degree of uncertainty. The main problem faced by the authorities during transition is to define a stable poli ...
China Africa ...17 juin
... manufactured goods to Africa, contrary to its imports of raw materials, are significantly influenced by the real bilateral exchange rates. The real appreciation of African currencies stimulates China’s exports of manufactured goods. Then the reasons for the appreciation of the real exchange rates o ...
... manufactured goods to Africa, contrary to its imports of raw materials, are significantly influenced by the real bilateral exchange rates. The real appreciation of African currencies stimulates China’s exports of manufactured goods. Then the reasons for the appreciation of the real exchange rates o ...
The Eurosystem`s bond purchases and the exchange rate of the
... is also known as the “confidence channel”.5 This posits that the central bank’s announcement of asset purchases can also have an impact on investors’ attitude towards risk. As a result of such an announcement, for example, the view that the outlook for growth at home is less favourable than hitherto ...
... is also known as the “confidence channel”.5 This posits that the central bank’s announcement of asset purchases can also have an impact on investors’ attitude towards risk. As a result of such an announcement, for example, the view that the outlook for growth at home is less favourable than hitherto ...
The Market Microstructure Approach to Foreign Exchange: Looking
... depiction of the progress of science. For Popper, science is an evolutionary process in which theories are proposed, falsified by evidence, and then improved in light of the evidence. Such criticism is an essential activity and represents the only route through which science can achieve progress. FX ...
... depiction of the progress of science. For Popper, science is an evolutionary process in which theories are proposed, falsified by evidence, and then improved in light of the evidence. Such criticism is an essential activity and represents the only route through which science can achieve progress. FX ...
SWOT Analysis for Wuhan to Establish the Finance Center of
... The building of Wuhan regional financial center is a complex and systematic project. Considering the reality of the central financial situation, we believe that the threats building the regional financial center in Wuhan can be the following ones: (1) The money market needs to be improved To streng ...
... The building of Wuhan regional financial center is a complex and systematic project. Considering the reality of the central financial situation, we believe that the threats building the regional financial center in Wuhan can be the following ones: (1) The money market needs to be improved To streng ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... The basic GEE methodology employed in our study was first applied to the evaluation of IMF programs by Goldstein and Montiel (1986). It is based on the idea that one can derive a counterfactual—what would have happened to an IMF-participating country if it had not adopted a program—by investigating ...
... The basic GEE methodology employed in our study was first applied to the evaluation of IMF programs by Goldstein and Montiel (1986). It is based on the idea that one can derive a counterfactual—what would have happened to an IMF-participating country if it had not adopted a program—by investigating ...
Bank of England External MPC Unit Discussion Paper No. 46
... foreign and domestic investors earn, and the valuation of any international borrowing and investments. This broader framework for analyzing the dynamics of current account deficits during heightened risk, an approach that incorporates financial flows, financial positions, and their various interacti ...
... foreign and domestic investors earn, and the valuation of any international borrowing and investments. This broader framework for analyzing the dynamics of current account deficits during heightened risk, an approach that incorporates financial flows, financial positions, and their various interacti ...
Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) - European External Action Service
... IV Establishing an ASEM Contingency Dialogue Mechanism for Emergent Economic and Financial Events 3. In the context of globalization, crises or disasters spread beyond the territorial boundaries and affect economies and individual lives. The tsunami happened in the Indian Ocean region at the end of ...
... IV Establishing an ASEM Contingency Dialogue Mechanism for Emergent Economic and Financial Events 3. In the context of globalization, crises or disasters spread beyond the territorial boundaries and affect economies and individual lives. The tsunami happened in the Indian Ocean region at the end of ...
THE EFFECTS OF EURO ADOPTION ON THE SLOVAK ECONOMY
... should also indirectly experience benefits arising from euro for the entire economy. Higher profits and better financial situation of enterprises after joining the euro area will also improve credit portfolio of banks. Loss of independent monetary policy is considered to be the most significant cost ...
... should also indirectly experience benefits arising from euro for the entire economy. Higher profits and better financial situation of enterprises after joining the euro area will also improve credit portfolio of banks. Loss of independent monetary policy is considered to be the most significant cost ...
The Yugoslav Hyperinflation of 1992-1994
... The Yugoslav hyperinflation of 1992–1994 was historically unique and significant due to its extreme peak and duration. At its peak, in January 1994, the monthly inflation rate reached 313 million percent, thus becoming the second highest recorded rate of inflation after the Hungarian hyperinflation ...
... The Yugoslav hyperinflation of 1992–1994 was historically unique and significant due to its extreme peak and duration. At its peak, in January 1994, the monthly inflation rate reached 313 million percent, thus becoming the second highest recorded rate of inflation after the Hungarian hyperinflation ...
the diffusion of capital account liberalization
... in financial openness, there are some theoretical concerns and methodological limitations which generate difficulties for the interpretation of these findings. First, while Simmons and Elkins (2004) test the broadest range of hypotheses driving interdependent decision processes, they use the standar ...
... in financial openness, there are some theoretical concerns and methodological limitations which generate difficulties for the interpretation of these findings. First, while Simmons and Elkins (2004) test the broadest range of hypotheses driving interdependent decision processes, they use the standar ...
Monetary policy challenges in New Zealand: how are we different?
... confidence intervals. An implication is that if New Zealand were to enter into a currency union with Australia or the United States, the currency risk premium would be eliminated. ...
... confidence intervals. An implication is that if New Zealand were to enter into a currency union with Australia or the United States, the currency risk premium would be eliminated. ...
The euro zone crisis and developing countries
... There are also political difficulties to resolve. There is stiff opposition to continued austerity in Greece. Italy is currently under a state of emergency. Spain and France are still grappling with the design and implementation of reforms. Tensions are running high between some euro zone members. G ...
... There are also political difficulties to resolve. There is stiff opposition to continued austerity in Greece. Italy is currently under a state of emergency. Spain and France are still grappling with the design and implementation of reforms. Tensions are running high between some euro zone members. G ...
3AECO – 6 Exchange rates - Economics Teachers` Association of
... • Countries have their own currencies which are used in domestic transactions, eg. Australian dollars (AUD) are acceptable within Australia as a medium of exchange between buyers and sellers but not within other countries. Australian producers of exports want to be paid in AUD while Japanese buyers ...
... • Countries have their own currencies which are used in domestic transactions, eg. Australian dollars (AUD) are acceptable within Australia as a medium of exchange between buyers and sellers but not within other countries. Australian producers of exports want to be paid in AUD while Japanese buyers ...
An estimation of the J-Curve effect between South Africa and the
... depreciation of the domestic currency. At a macro level, a currency crisis could result in the instability of domestic price levels and could also lower the economic growth of a country (Knedlik, 2006). ...
... depreciation of the domestic currency. At a macro level, a currency crisis could result in the instability of domestic price levels and could also lower the economic growth of a country (Knedlik, 2006). ...
S0900783_en.pdf
... developing countries usually find it difficult to finance fiscal deficits during cyclical downturns, and may also find it difficult to argue for restraining public spending growth during booms.4 Moreover, fiscal policies are very difficult to fine-tune during capital inflows booms since both tax ref ...
... developing countries usually find it difficult to finance fiscal deficits during cyclical downturns, and may also find it difficult to argue for restraining public spending growth during booms.4 Moreover, fiscal policies are very difficult to fine-tune during capital inflows booms since both tax ref ...
Bulletin Contents Volume 75 No. 3, September 2012
... Institute of Economic Research for seven years. By any standards his tenure has been eventful, covering the latter half of one of the largest booms in New Zealand’s post-war history, and subsequently the Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, here and abroad. In this interview, undertaken in ear ...
... Institute of Economic Research for seven years. By any standards his tenure has been eventful, covering the latter half of one of the largest booms in New Zealand’s post-war history, and subsequently the Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, here and abroad. In this interview, undertaken in ear ...
DP2008/03 Changes in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in New Zealand
... The New Zealand economy is currently enjoying both the longest and strongest uninterrupted expansion in aggregate economic activity on record RBNZ (2007a). In part, this expansion is thought to have been driven by a sequence of positive ‘shocks’, including a surge in net migration peaking at over 1 ...
... The New Zealand economy is currently enjoying both the longest and strongest uninterrupted expansion in aggregate economic activity on record RBNZ (2007a). In part, this expansion is thought to have been driven by a sequence of positive ‘shocks’, including a surge in net migration peaking at over 1 ...
EVALUATING ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN ASEAN: PERSPECTIVES FROM A CLUSTER ANALYSIS
... gains within the region cannot be ignored. The ASEAN free trade agreement (AFTA) of 1992 is considered by many scholars to be the first major step towards economic integration taken in the region since the inception of the Association in 1967. However, there are mixed opinions regarding its success. ...
... gains within the region cannot be ignored. The ASEAN free trade agreement (AFTA) of 1992 is considered by many scholars to be the first major step towards economic integration taken in the region since the inception of the Association in 1967. However, there are mixed opinions regarding its success. ...
The Uneasy Relation Between The Budget And
... indicates that the large recent decline in net foreign investment by the United States was due, not to an increase in the government deficit, but to the fact that the deficit did not decline as much as is usual during the current recovery. The longer-term U.S. experience, as well as a cross-country ...
... indicates that the large recent decline in net foreign investment by the United States was due, not to an increase in the government deficit, but to the fact that the deficit did not decline as much as is usual during the current recovery. The longer-term U.S. experience, as well as a cross-country ...
International monetary systems
International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions, that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. They provide means of payment acceptable between buyers and sellers of different nationality, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The systems can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades. Alternatively, they can arise from a single architectural vision as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944.