Perception, Action, and Utility: The Tangled Skein
... the ensembles were concentrated in a region of stimulus space occupied by mating signals. This finding also has important implications for approximate inference schemes, which we revisit in section 13.5.2. More specific to the particular ideas and areas discussed here, if visual responses in the lat ...
... the ensembles were concentrated in a region of stimulus space occupied by mating signals. This finding also has important implications for approximate inference schemes, which we revisit in section 13.5.2. More specific to the particular ideas and areas discussed here, if visual responses in the lat ...
Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms and Related Sex Differences in
... den Heuvel, 2006; Saxena & Rauch, 2000). It has been hypothesized that an imbalance between these loops, resulting in a hyperactive ventral and hypoactive dorsal ...
... den Heuvel, 2006; Saxena & Rauch, 2000). It has been hypothesized that an imbalance between these loops, resulting in a hyperactive ventral and hypoactive dorsal ...
Cerebral atrophy and its relation to cognitive impairment in
... accounts for the memory impairment in our group of D-PD patients. Pathologic studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe in dementia in PD. Demented patients have higher densities of parahippocampal Lewy bodies on pathologic examination,24 and there have been reports of correlations between cli ...
... accounts for the memory impairment in our group of D-PD patients. Pathologic studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe in dementia in PD. Demented patients have higher densities of parahippocampal Lewy bodies on pathologic examination,24 and there have been reports of correlations between cli ...
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... pyramidal neurons (16, 17, 21) and spines (26), and it decreases the amount of synaptic formation (18) and neurotrophic receptor expression (16). The function of the affected neurons is also impaired, which show suppressed c-Fos expression after spatial learning (25), reduced acetylcholine synthesis ...
... pyramidal neurons (16, 17, 21) and spines (26), and it decreases the amount of synaptic formation (18) and neurotrophic receptor expression (16). The function of the affected neurons is also impaired, which show suppressed c-Fos expression after spatial learning (25), reduced acetylcholine synthesis ...
The Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence
... drug craving and compulsive use). The abnormalities that produce dependence, well understood by science, appear to resolve after detoxification, within days or weeks after opioid use stops. The abnormalities that produce addiction, however, are more wide-ranging, complex, and long-lasting. They may ...
... drug craving and compulsive use). The abnormalities that produce dependence, well understood by science, appear to resolve after detoxification, within days or weeks after opioid use stops. The abnormalities that produce addiction, however, are more wide-ranging, complex, and long-lasting. They may ...
Three approaches to investigating functional compromise to the
... While the relationship between DMN connectivity and cognitive function is not yet well understood, studies among healthy older participants, TBI, and AD suggest the degree of functional connectivity of the DMN is associated with aspects of neurocognitive function. For example, Damoiseaux et al. (200 ...
... While the relationship between DMN connectivity and cognitive function is not yet well understood, studies among healthy older participants, TBI, and AD suggest the degree of functional connectivity of the DMN is associated with aspects of neurocognitive function. For example, Damoiseaux et al. (200 ...
The neural circuitry necessary for decision making by
... this evidence accumulation process (Ratcliff et al, 2003; Reddi & Carpenter, 2000) and promise to connect the behavioural and the neurophysiological levels of description, but they do not address the neural mechanisms which could implement such accumulation. Our analysis demonstrates that it is impl ...
... this evidence accumulation process (Ratcliff et al, 2003; Reddi & Carpenter, 2000) and promise to connect the behavioural and the neurophysiological levels of description, but they do not address the neural mechanisms which could implement such accumulation. Our analysis demonstrates that it is impl ...
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked
... when it is processed by an enzyme that is normally produced in pigs’ livers. Next, living mouse brain cells, including some that were engineered to express the pig enzyme, were exposed to the drug in the laboratory. The drug blocked the NMDA receptors on brain cells that expressed the enzyme, but no ...
... when it is processed by an enzyme that is normally produced in pigs’ livers. Next, living mouse brain cells, including some that were engineered to express the pig enzyme, were exposed to the drug in the laboratory. The drug blocked the NMDA receptors on brain cells that expressed the enzyme, but no ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
- Wiley Online Library
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in Xenopus
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
... laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male brain, nucleus ambiguus (NA) that includes glottal and laryngeal motor ne ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactions are not always straightforward, nor do they always fall into predictable patterns. Some general principles do emerge from available studies which provide insigh ...
... given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactions are not always straightforward, nor do they always fall into predictable patterns. Some general principles do emerge from available studies which provide insigh ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... 20. Biofeedback method: theory, application. Biofeedback as a tool of self-regulation of functional status. 21. Main approaches to individual psychological distinctions studying. Physiological basics of individual distinctions, psychophysiology of temperament and character. 22. Sensory organs. Senso ...
... 20. Biofeedback method: theory, application. Biofeedback as a tool of self-regulation of functional status. 21. Main approaches to individual psychological distinctions studying. Physiological basics of individual distinctions, psychophysiology of temperament and character. 22. Sensory organs. Senso ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... 20. Biofeedback method: theory, application. Biofeedback as a tool of self-regulation of functional status. 21. Main approaches to individual psychological distinctions studying. Physiological basics of individual distinctions, psychophysiology of temperament and character. 22. Sensory organs. Senso ...
... 20. Biofeedback method: theory, application. Biofeedback as a tool of self-regulation of functional status. 21. Main approaches to individual psychological distinctions studying. Physiological basics of individual distinctions, psychophysiology of temperament and character. 22. Sensory organs. Senso ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
Computational approaches to sensorimotor transformations
... cortical neurons and provides a fresh perspective on the issue of frames of reference in spatial representations. The term 'sensorimotor transformation' refers to the process by which sensory stimuli are converted into motor commands. This process is crucial to any biological organism or artificial ...
... cortical neurons and provides a fresh perspective on the issue of frames of reference in spatial representations. The term 'sensorimotor transformation' refers to the process by which sensory stimuli are converted into motor commands. This process is crucial to any biological organism or artificial ...
Evolution of the Size and Functional Areas of the Human Brain
... in, many fundamental questions remain to be answered. The fossil record, in concert with a comparative neuroanatomical analysis of closely related species, shows that the hominid brain increased in size more than threefold over a period of approximately 2.5 million years. However, it has become incr ...
... in, many fundamental questions remain to be answered. The fossil record, in concert with a comparative neuroanatomical analysis of closely related species, shows that the hominid brain increased in size more than threefold over a period of approximately 2.5 million years. However, it has become incr ...
Neural basis of learning and memory
... Can you think of something you do that you did not learn? It’s a difficult task because learning is involved in nearly all our behaviours. Except for a range of physiological responses that are involuntary and normally occur automatically, such as breathing, digesting food, secreting hormones and bl ...
... Can you think of something you do that you did not learn? It’s a difficult task because learning is involved in nearly all our behaviours. Except for a range of physiological responses that are involuntary and normally occur automatically, such as breathing, digesting food, secreting hormones and bl ...
DescendSC10
... brainstem – these are analogous to above areas. 1 function of the brainstem is to serve as the “spinal cord for the head”. 3rd and 4th components: basal ganglia and cerebellum do not project directly to motor neurons, but rather, synapse on descending pathways and have a very important influence. ...
... brainstem – these are analogous to above areas. 1 function of the brainstem is to serve as the “spinal cord for the head”. 3rd and 4th components: basal ganglia and cerebellum do not project directly to motor neurons, but rather, synapse on descending pathways and have a very important influence. ...
Ontogeny, Compartmentation, and Turnover of Spectrin lsoforms in
... compartmentation comes from its ontogeny. Membrane-associated cuyspectrin is present at birth at its adult levels, but cytoplasmic a&spectrin is expressed only following the second postnatal week. Similarly, the 4-fold difference in cytoplasmic ay-spectrin content across brain regions develops durin ...
... compartmentation comes from its ontogeny. Membrane-associated cuyspectrin is present at birth at its adult levels, but cytoplasmic a&spectrin is expressed only following the second postnatal week. Similarly, the 4-fold difference in cytoplasmic ay-spectrin content across brain regions develops durin ...
Brain Imaging Technologies and Their Applications in Neuroscience
... another to communicate), the actions of pharmaceutical drugs, and the expression of specific genes in the brain. Additionally, in recent years a few PET tracers have been developed that attach solely to the protein beta amyloid, which builds up in the brains of patients with mild cognitive impairmen ...
... another to communicate), the actions of pharmaceutical drugs, and the expression of specific genes in the brain. Additionally, in recent years a few PET tracers have been developed that attach solely to the protein beta amyloid, which builds up in the brains of patients with mild cognitive impairmen ...
Luczak, 2015 - University of Lethbridge
... How long are the activity packets evoked by sensory stimuli? The duration of stimulus-evoked packets can be estimated as the period from response onset to the time at which most neurons cease their stimulusdriven activity. Although small changes in firing rate induced by stimuli can sometimes be fou ...
... How long are the activity packets evoked by sensory stimuli? The duration of stimulus-evoked packets can be estimated as the period from response onset to the time at which most neurons cease their stimulusdriven activity. Although small changes in firing rate induced by stimuli can sometimes be fou ...
What in the brain tells us that this is pain - HAL
... cingulate (Bancaud et al 1976, Chassagnon et al 2008) never mention pain responses. This issue was extensively investigated recently, by analysing the behavioural responses to more than 4000 intracortical stimulations covering the whole cortical mantle in 164 patients (Mazzola et al 2012). Subjectiv ...
... cingulate (Bancaud et al 1976, Chassagnon et al 2008) never mention pain responses. This issue was extensively investigated recently, by analysing the behavioural responses to more than 4000 intracortical stimulations covering the whole cortical mantle in 164 patients (Mazzola et al 2012). Subjectiv ...
Variance and invariance of neuronal long
... (GeCIs) now permits the recording of activity-evoked neuronal Ca2þ influx, in some cases approaching single AP resolution [31– 34]. After the first proof-of-principle demonstration of chronic functional two-photon imaging in mouse visual cortex [35], the technique has now been used widely in various ...
... (GeCIs) now permits the recording of activity-evoked neuronal Ca2þ influx, in some cases approaching single AP resolution [31– 34]. After the first proof-of-principle demonstration of chronic functional two-photon imaging in mouse visual cortex [35], the technique has now been used widely in various ...
Conditioned tone control of brain reward behavior produces highly
... has key attributes of associative memory that make it an attractive candidate for the storage of behaviorally relevant auditory information. In addition to being associative, it is highly specific to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus, discriminative, develops rapidly, consolidates over hours ...
... has key attributes of associative memory that make it an attractive candidate for the storage of behaviorally relevant auditory information. In addition to being associative, it is highly specific to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus, discriminative, develops rapidly, consolidates over hours ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.