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[Part 1]
[Part 1]

... either fifty-five or eighty-nine petals. It is difficult to trace this relationship much further, but it must be remembered that this number pattern is not necessarily followed by every plant of a species but simply seems to be characteristic of the species as a whole. Fibonacci numbers occur in oth ...
12.EL. ALVAREZ-B. ing. 169-180
12.EL. ALVAREZ-B. ing. 169-180

... leaves that blend into the surrounding space, proving, as Chillida said, that “limits are the true protagonists of space,” to the various forms of palm leaves, split by shafts of light, and of ferns of spiraling vernation, with their capricious shapes. There are also themes that dominate in the circ ...
Angiosperm APG classification
Angiosperm APG classification

... Antoine de Jussieau later developed the first “natural” system of classification of flowering plants - aspects of which are still in use today. ...
Growing Windowsill
Growing Windowsill

... orchids to grow in the home. If you have never grown an orchid before, most orchid nursery staff would probably recommend that you start here. The beautiful saucershaped blooms on their graceful arching spikes dance like moths in a gentle tropical breeze. It is no wonder that they are so popular. A ...
Plant Yacon 120(04004) Primary essential character No Characters
Plant Yacon 120(04004) Primary essential character No Characters

... Size of the largest leaf of moderate growing plant 2 to 3 months after transplanting ...
Journal r The Bromeliad Society
Journal r The Bromeliad Society

... this in a mixture I have found there is sufficient plant food for 12 months. In summer, I water every day but in the winter very little and I fertilize only twice a year during the growing season, which is spring and summer. Previously, I used slow release fertilizer but have found these contain too ...
I. Fern Allies
I. Fern Allies

... though, the sexual reproduction of these plants results only in single-celled spores, rather than the complex structures known as seeds. This treatment of seedless vascular plants includes ferns, which of course have large, complex leaves (megaphylls), and fern allies, whose leaves are primitive (mi ...
Clinical and therapeutic potential of Aconitum heterophyllum
Clinical and therapeutic potential of Aconitum heterophyllum

... become a trial to modern pharmaceutical industry and many synthetic modern medicines are made from plant reported by Benamar et al.[7]. Plants have secondary metabolites that suppress the growth and development of adjacent biological systems named as allelochemicals[8]. Phenolic and flavanoid compou ...
Overexpression of gibberellin 20-oxidase induces
Overexpression of gibberellin 20-oxidase induces

... The characterization of transgenic tomato over-expressing gibberellin 20-oxidase reveals induction of parthenocarpic fruit growth, higher yield and alteration of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway ...
File
File

... native to colder weather climates and higher elevations and includes the other three(Ibrugs).  These two groups do not readily hybridize. However hybrids have been created.  The genus members bear many similarities to one another. They are all woody shrubs,  bushes, or tree like shrubs. Brugmansia c ...
plants with - Wyoming Extension
plants with - Wyoming Extension

... should help you use these native plants in the landscape. The size of a plant often depends on the location in which it is grown (e.g., the length of the growing season, severity of winter weather, wind exposure) and the available moisture. Thus, our information should be considered approximate. We ...
Perilla Mint - University of Tennessee Extension
Perilla Mint - University of Tennessee Extension

... when it also becomes the most dangerous to livestock. If control measures are not taken early, it becomes even more crucial in late summer to maintain an adequate supply of quality feed for cattle and other farm animals so they will not feed on these toxic weeds. Grazing in infested pastures should ...
Plant Physiology
Plant Physiology

... Guard cells open and close the stomata by allowing water to enter and leave, causing them to swell or ...
Parents and Offspring
Parents and Offspring

... with capsules at the top. The capsules contain tiny spores. Spores are cells that can develop into a new plant without fertilization. When the capsule opens, spores are released and carried by the wind. Spores that land in shady, moist soil are likely to grow. In the sexual stage, the spore develops ...
Angiosperms or Flowering Plants the phylum Magnoliophyta
Angiosperms or Flowering Plants the phylum Magnoliophyta

... Microfossils of spores with sporopollenin (degradation resistant material like lignin) and similar to modern day bryophytes such as liverworts ...
Seeds – Part 1
Seeds – Part 1

... Figure 21. Reconstruction of a tropical peat swamp of Middle Pennsylvanian age (about 300 million years ago). The taller plants were tree lycopsids (Lepidophloios), some of which grew to heights of 80 to 100 ft. Today, the lycopsids are represented by lowly club mosses. Other plants include cordaite ...
Laboratory 6: Pea Lab - Tacoma Community College
Laboratory 6: Pea Lab - Tacoma Community College

... Biology is a dynamic field of study whose aim is to unravel the mysteries of life itself. Throughout history, humans have been curious about the world around them. Through the millennia people have observed the natural world and have asked, “why?” Those that have advanced our biological knowledge th ...
PST 102 - Fountain University, Osogbo
PST 102 - Fountain University, Osogbo

... (i) Chloroplasts An examination of leaves, stems, and other types of plant tissue reveals the presence of tiny green, spherical structures called chloroplasts, visible here in the cells of an onion root. Chloroplasts are essential to the process of photosynthesis, in which captured sunlight is combi ...
The Nursery Industry - Protecting Our
The Nursery Industry - Protecting Our

... the Industry has been conscious of their environmental responsibilities and they have been proactive in furthering educational programs, including those concerning invasive garden plants. Garden escapes are not a new issue: weeds have been around since the first settlers brought along reminders of ‘ ...
geraniums - Humber Nurseries Ltd.
geraniums - Humber Nurseries Ltd.

... plant should be cut back by half and the roots sealed in a plastic bag containing barely moist peat moss. It's easier to keep only one or a few 'mother' plants. Rescue them from the garden before frost, cut the tops back by half and trim the roots as needed to fit into a pot. Kept in a sunny window ...
A review on Griffonia simplicifollia - an ideal herbal anti
A review on Griffonia simplicifollia - an ideal herbal anti

... In Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria the pulped bark is applied to syphilitic sores. A leaf decoction is used as an emetic, cough medicine and aphrodisiac. A decoction of s tems and leaves is taken as a purgative to treat constipation and is used externally as an antiseptic wash to treat suppurating wounds. ...
Rangeland Plants - University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
Rangeland Plants - University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

... are present. Not all plants, however, grow in all parts of the landscape. Some plant species prefer to grow on mountain side-slopes while others prefer valley bottoms or riparian (wet) areas. Others are common where the land has been disturbed while some grow only on undisturbed areas. Understanding ...
COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND MINERAL
COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND MINERAL

... inflorescences composed of numerous, starshaped, greenish-white and sweetly scented flowers. This species can be grown as garden plants, cut flowers and flowering potted plants, with high demand by the European and North American markets [14]. Due to antibacterial and antifungal compounds, the bulbs ...
The strawberry gene FaGAST affects plant growth through inhibition
The strawberry gene FaGAST affects plant growth through inhibition

... pressure resulting in the wide range of structures found in nature. Human participation in this process has been critical through the domestication of wild species and manipulation of specific characters such as appearance, texture, size, flavour, and aroma in the course of continuous selection prog ...
Методичні вказівки для студентів на кожне практичне заняття, які
Методичні вказівки для студентів на кожне практичне заняття, які

... reaction for starch types’ detection, mode of accumulation. Starch grains: formation, structure, types, diagnostic value, practical usage. 4.3. Storage proteins, or aleirone grains: their distinctions from the constitutional proteins, localization in the cell, forms of accumulation. Aleirone grains ...
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Botany



Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field of study. The term ""botany"" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning ""pasture"", ""grass"", or ""fodder""; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), ""to feed"" or ""to graze"". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods and textiles, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.
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