Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... to keep their gaze within a computer-controlled fixation window (between 3 ⫻ 3 to 5 ⫻ 5° depending on FP position) for between 800 and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixa ...
... to keep their gaze within a computer-controlled fixation window (between 3 ⫻ 3 to 5 ⫻ 5° depending on FP position) for between 800 and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixa ...
frontal functions, connectivity and neural efficiency underpinning
... of sympathetic autonomic responsiveness. Highly susceptible subjects showed a reduction in responses with hypnosis when compared with several control conditions, whereas subjects with low susceptibility showed increased responding, the opposite effect. At the same time both groups shared evidence fr ...
... of sympathetic autonomic responsiveness. Highly susceptible subjects showed a reduction in responses with hypnosis when compared with several control conditions, whereas subjects with low susceptibility showed increased responding, the opposite effect. At the same time both groups shared evidence fr ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... The concept of homology has evolved and expanded since the term was initially coined in the nineteenth century. Richard Owen is generally attributed with defining ...
... The concept of homology has evolved and expanded since the term was initially coined in the nineteenth century. Richard Owen is generally attributed with defining ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
Preview the material
... Asperger Syndrome is considered a sub-type of autism spectrum disorder. The cause of Asperger Syndrome is unknown, and presents 4 times more frequently in boys than it does in girls [9]. Many consider Asperger syndrome to be the mildest form of autism; therefore, many with Asperger’s are considered ...
... Asperger Syndrome is considered a sub-type of autism spectrum disorder. The cause of Asperger Syndrome is unknown, and presents 4 times more frequently in boys than it does in girls [9]. Many consider Asperger syndrome to be the mildest form of autism; therefore, many with Asperger’s are considered ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... demand the matrix compacts and cristae widen (Hackenbrock, 1966, 1968). These changes appear to reflect, for example, the action of mitochondrial dynamin-like proteins engaged in the metabolic processes (Mannella, 2006; Patten et al., 2014). Mitochondria also provide local sequestration of calcium t ...
... demand the matrix compacts and cristae widen (Hackenbrock, 1966, 1968). These changes appear to reflect, for example, the action of mitochondrial dynamin-like proteins engaged in the metabolic processes (Mannella, 2006; Patten et al., 2014). Mitochondria also provide local sequestration of calcium t ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T ...
... present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... in varying degrees of monocular, or occasionally binocular, vision impairment, mainly in children; if not successfully treated, it can lead to permanent vision impairment for life. Its etiology and a precise definition have long defied science’s best efforts, but we do know that risk factors for amb ...
... in varying degrees of monocular, or occasionally binocular, vision impairment, mainly in children; if not successfully treated, it can lead to permanent vision impairment for life. Its etiology and a precise definition have long defied science’s best efforts, but we do know that risk factors for amb ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. Deep brain stimulation in the “area of the PPN” reduces gait and balance problem in “some” Parkinson’s disease patients. The PPN is involved in numerous motor and non-motor functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, ...
... Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. Deep brain stimulation in the “area of the PPN” reduces gait and balance problem in “some” Parkinson’s disease patients. The PPN is involved in numerous motor and non-motor functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, the discovery of a multitude of PMCA isoforms and alternative splice variants (Strehler and Treiman, 2004; Strehler et al., 2007), as well as recent results on PMCA “knockout” mice and PMCA mutants (Prasad et al., 2007), show that at least some PMCAs play ...
... by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, the discovery of a multitude of PMCA isoforms and alternative splice variants (Strehler and Treiman, 2004; Strehler et al., 2007), as well as recent results on PMCA “knockout” mice and PMCA mutants (Prasad et al., 2007), show that at least some PMCAs play ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... RRA [Figure 1]. Based on morphology, chemical characterization, and cellular organization, the SN can be divided in two distinct subareas: the pars reticulata (SNr) and the pars compacta (SNc) (see as a review Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007). The SNr is located in the most ventro-lateral area of the SN ...
... RRA [Figure 1]. Based on morphology, chemical characterization, and cellular organization, the SN can be divided in two distinct subareas: the pars reticulata (SNr) and the pars compacta (SNc) (see as a review Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007). The SNr is located in the most ventro-lateral area of the SN ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... in laminae 2/3A and 4A (see Fig. 20) provides additional support for the sparse projection from lamina 3B/4A to 6, described above. Lamina 48. Lamina 48 receives most of its intrinsic input from neurons in lamina 4Co( (Lund, 1973; Fitzpatrick et al., 1985). Microinjections into lamina 48 result in a ...
... in laminae 2/3A and 4A (see Fig. 20) provides additional support for the sparse projection from lamina 3B/4A to 6, described above. Lamina 48. Lamina 48 receives most of its intrinsic input from neurons in lamina 4Co( (Lund, 1973; Fitzpatrick et al., 1985). Microinjections into lamina 48 result in a ...
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and
... sites (Battaglia et al. 1987). Moreover, there is immunocytochemical evidence of 5-HT axon terminal damage (Commins et al. 1987; O’Hearn et al. 1988; Scallet et al. 1988). The long-term effects of MDMA have been shown to persist for at least 32 weeks in rats (Scanzello et al. 1993; Sabol et al. 1995 ...
... sites (Battaglia et al. 1987). Moreover, there is immunocytochemical evidence of 5-HT axon terminal damage (Commins et al. 1987; O’Hearn et al. 1988; Scallet et al. 1988). The long-term effects of MDMA have been shown to persist for at least 32 weeks in rats (Scanzello et al. 1993; Sabol et al. 1995 ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... evidence for acquisition of conditioned ORs to CS+. Nevertheless, neither these ipsilateral lesions nor any other lesion affected the acquisition of food-cup behavior to CS+ (Fig. 2B), which was rapid in all groups. Thus, the learning deficit observed in the acquisition of conditioned ORs in the ipsi ...
... evidence for acquisition of conditioned ORs to CS+. Nevertheless, neither these ipsilateral lesions nor any other lesion affected the acquisition of food-cup behavior to CS+ (Fig. 2B), which was rapid in all groups. Thus, the learning deficit observed in the acquisition of conditioned ORs in the ipsi ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... microtubules uniformly orient with their plus-end distally in axons, whereas dendrites contain microtubules of both orientations149,150. It is likely that these different cytoskeletal arrangements influence the manner in which organelles and molecules are transported along axons and dendrites. Given ...
... microtubules uniformly orient with their plus-end distally in axons, whereas dendrites contain microtubules of both orientations149,150. It is likely that these different cytoskeletal arrangements influence the manner in which organelles and molecules are transported along axons and dendrites. Given ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... appropriate pharmacological tools (dopamine and its agonist/antagonist), we studied, in the rat, the effects of dopamine on modulating the basal activity of GPe neurons and its impact on the two major efferent structures, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the pars reticulata of substantia nigra (SNr ...
... appropriate pharmacological tools (dopamine and its agonist/antagonist), we studied, in the rat, the effects of dopamine on modulating the basal activity of GPe neurons and its impact on the two major efferent structures, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the pars reticulata of substantia nigra (SNr ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... preganglionic nerve bundle revealed that in HT, a greater number of neurons receive strong synaptic inputs. Application of high-frequency, low amplitude stimulation of the preganglionic nerve revealed that a greater proportion of neurons from NT rats underwent long-term potentiation of excitatory po ...
... preganglionic nerve bundle revealed that in HT, a greater number of neurons receive strong synaptic inputs. Application of high-frequency, low amplitude stimulation of the preganglionic nerve revealed that a greater proportion of neurons from NT rats underwent long-term potentiation of excitatory po ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... to maintain a long, consolidated awake period. Anatomical studies of neural projections from/to orexin neurons and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice revealed various roles for orexin neurons in the coordination of emotion, energy homeostasis, reward system, and arousal. For example, ore ...
... to maintain a long, consolidated awake period. Anatomical studies of neural projections from/to orexin neurons and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice revealed various roles for orexin neurons in the coordination of emotion, energy homeostasis, reward system, and arousal. For example, ore ...
1
... all cognitive, affective and sensorimotor deficits. The implication of cerebellum in all these dysfunctions may arise from its role as a modulator of the flow of information between fronto-strital circuits. Finally, our findings are also the first to show caudate head and body differential abnormali ...
... all cognitive, affective and sensorimotor deficits. The implication of cerebellum in all these dysfunctions may arise from its role as a modulator of the flow of information between fronto-strital circuits. Finally, our findings are also the first to show caudate head and body differential abnormali ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... As noted in the introduction, humans are generally considered “microsmatic,” with a relatively poorly developed olfactory system compared to that of “macrosmatic” mammals. Indeed, the structure and lamination of the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory cortex (POC) are not as well-defined in humans ...
... As noted in the introduction, humans are generally considered “microsmatic,” with a relatively poorly developed olfactory system compared to that of “macrosmatic” mammals. Indeed, the structure and lamination of the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory cortex (POC) are not as well-defined in humans ...
ORAL UPF/ TESI DOCT Nicotine addiction phenotypes in a BAC transgenic mouse
... chromosome 15, which human genetic studies have identified as a strong candidate for nicotine dependence and smoking-related behaviours. This cluster codifies for the alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with low and restrictive expression pattern with ...
... chromosome 15, which human genetic studies have identified as a strong candidate for nicotine dependence and smoking-related behaviours. This cluster codifies for the alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with low and restrictive expression pattern with ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... or chronic toluene abuse (the 100 ppm condition alone may be considered an occupational-type exposure, though no significant results were seen at this dose), hence its applicability to mechanisms of toxicity in humans may be limited. This is especially the case when one considers the diverse dose-de ...
... or chronic toluene abuse (the 100 ppm condition alone may be considered an occupational-type exposure, though no significant results were seen at this dose), hence its applicability to mechanisms of toxicity in humans may be limited. This is especially the case when one considers the diverse dose-de ...
- Wiley Online Library
... A, transverse section through the caudal end of the facial motor nucleus (FN, Sprague–Dawley adult rat; bregma −11.6 mm; myelin stain; scale 500 µm). Box showing approximate location of retrotrapezoid nucleus. B, RTN identified as Phox2b-immunoreactive (Phox2b-ir), non-catecholaminergic (TH-negative ...
... A, transverse section through the caudal end of the facial motor nucleus (FN, Sprague–Dawley adult rat; bregma −11.6 mm; myelin stain; scale 500 µm). Box showing approximate location of retrotrapezoid nucleus. B, RTN identified as Phox2b-immunoreactive (Phox2b-ir), non-catecholaminergic (TH-negative ...