Phytoplankton chytridiomycosis: fungal parasites of phytoplankton
... members reproduce asexually by releasing zoospores with a single posteriorly directed whiplash flagellum (Sparrow, 1960; Barr, 2001). In a few species of the Neocallimastigales, zoospores are multiflagellate (Trinci et al., 1994) or in at least one species of the Blastocladiales (Hoffman et al., 200 ...
... members reproduce asexually by releasing zoospores with a single posteriorly directed whiplash flagellum (Sparrow, 1960; Barr, 2001). In a few species of the Neocallimastigales, zoospores are multiflagellate (Trinci et al., 1994) or in at least one species of the Blastocladiales (Hoffman et al., 200 ...
Secondary consumers temperate grassland
... Biomass, is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. In a temperate grassland, grasses and other plants are the primary producers at the bottom of the. Primary consumers of grassland areas are herbivores, otherwise known as plant eaters. Plant-eating anim ...
... Biomass, is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. In a temperate grassland, grasses and other plants are the primary producers at the bottom of the. Primary consumers of grassland areas are herbivores, otherwise known as plant eaters. Plant-eating anim ...
The Household Economy Approach
... economic change. If shocks occur, development gains may be lost. As the risk of starvation recedes in most regions, so information needs have changed. Although it is still important to be able to anticipate the likelihood of starvation, in many locations the need now is for information that will ena ...
... economic change. If shocks occur, development gains may be lost. As the risk of starvation recedes in most regions, so information needs have changed. Although it is still important to be able to anticipate the likelihood of starvation, in many locations the need now is for information that will ena ...
Genetic variation, predator–prey interactions and food web structure
... ratio between the predator and the potential prey, predation being more likely to occur at larger ratios [41]. This causes diets to be highly nested within food webs, with the diet of smaller generalist predators nested within the diet of larger ones [21]. In addition, since in natural communities, ...
... ratio between the predator and the potential prey, predation being more likely to occur at larger ratios [41]. This causes diets to be highly nested within food webs, with the diet of smaller generalist predators nested within the diet of larger ones [21]. In addition, since in natural communities, ...
Factors affecting food preference in a widespread intertidal isopod
... J A.G. Morcin and J. Arrontes /J. Exp. Mar. Bwl. Ecol. 182 (19941 III-121 ...
... J A.G. Morcin and J. Arrontes /J. Exp. Mar. Bwl. Ecol. 182 (19941 III-121 ...
Together is Better: The Importance of
... measuring changes in wet mass under different feeding regimes in combination with different states of symbiosis under laboratory conditions. I predicted that anemones with symbionts present and food provided (S+/ F+) would gain the most mass and this treatment served as the positive control in this ...
... measuring changes in wet mass under different feeding regimes in combination with different states of symbiosis under laboratory conditions. I predicted that anemones with symbionts present and food provided (S+/ F+) would gain the most mass and this treatment served as the positive control in this ...
Ecology ppt
... Q. True or False. Herbivores normally live long lives. A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment ...
... Q. True or False. Herbivores normally live long lives. A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment ...
Competitive co-existence caused by adaptive predators
... and quality. Although the original derivation of the IFD was a static concept, it was later extended to the case where predators and/or consumers undergo population dynamics (Lessells, 1995; Křivan, 1996, 2003). In what follows, I derive the ideal free distribution for predators and I study its con ...
... and quality. Although the original derivation of the IFD was a static concept, it was later extended to the case where predators and/or consumers undergo population dynamics (Lessells, 1995; Křivan, 1996, 2003). In what follows, I derive the ideal free distribution for predators and I study its con ...
Effects of Enrichment on Simple Aquatic Food Webs.
... food chains or webs and showed that trophic level biomass increased with enrichment, which contradicts food chain theory. However, within each trophic level, food web configuration affected the extent to which different functional groups responded to enrichment. By dividing trophic levels into funct ...
... food chains or webs and showed that trophic level biomass increased with enrichment, which contradicts food chain theory. However, within each trophic level, food web configuration affected the extent to which different functional groups responded to enrichment. By dividing trophic levels into funct ...
Across ecosystem comparisons of size structure: methods
... The entity (e.g. individual, population, species, or size-class) for which size is quantified has implications for conceptualising, defining and quantifying size structure, and for interpreting the ecological meaning of the resultant patterns. Body size as an attribute of individuals is relatively una ...
... The entity (e.g. individual, population, species, or size-class) for which size is quantified has implications for conceptualising, defining and quantifying size structure, and for interpreting the ecological meaning of the resultant patterns. Body size as an attribute of individuals is relatively una ...
Highly resolved early Eocene food webs show development of
... that of the PETM [16]. During the EECO and immediately prior to Messel deposition, another biotal transformation occurred concomitant with a greenhouse-to-icehouse shift in the physical environment, signalled by climate cooling and freshwater flooding of the Arctic Ocean. This shift was attributable ...
... that of the PETM [16]. During the EECO and immediately prior to Messel deposition, another biotal transformation occurred concomitant with a greenhouse-to-icehouse shift in the physical environment, signalled by climate cooling and freshwater flooding of the Arctic Ocean. This shift was attributable ...
What is hidden behind the concept of ecosystem efficiency in energy
... and the effective connectance, m, with regard to a sample of 113 community webs reported in Briand and Cohen (1987). (ii) The above correlation is strengthened for a sub-sample of 36 aquatic community webs while, on the other hand, it is almost vanishing for a sub-sample of 21 terrestrial community ...
... and the effective connectance, m, with regard to a sample of 113 community webs reported in Briand and Cohen (1987). (ii) The above correlation is strengthened for a sub-sample of 36 aquatic community webs while, on the other hand, it is almost vanishing for a sub-sample of 21 terrestrial community ...
Using trophic hierarchy to understand food web
... a hierarchy from producers to consumers (van der Zanden et al. 1997, Bondavalli and Ulanowicz 1999). Conceptually, trophic position (TP) comes out from apportioning a species feeding activity to a series of discrete trophic levels sensu Lindeman (1942) and summing up these fractions. Its computation ...
... a hierarchy from producers to consumers (van der Zanden et al. 1997, Bondavalli and Ulanowicz 1999). Conceptually, trophic position (TP) comes out from apportioning a species feeding activity to a series of discrete trophic levels sensu Lindeman (1942) and summing up these fractions. Its computation ...
11 - Amboseli Baboon Research Project
... (e.g., grassland species that inhabit partially wooded areas live in multi-male those that groups, inhabit more open grassland live in multimale groups). The final result of such revisions will be either a classification that continues to lump that together species share some characteristic while ig ...
... (e.g., grassland species that inhabit partially wooded areas live in multi-male those that groups, inhabit more open grassland live in multimale groups). The final result of such revisions will be either a classification that continues to lump that together species share some characteristic while ig ...
Feeding of detritivores in freshwater sediments
... classes. Firstly, the organism needs energy for activity and internal maintenance. The need for energy can be satisfied by a variety of compounds that are oxidized and therefore is called a non-specific need. Secondly, heterotrophic organisms need a supply of specific substances for synthesis of new ...
... classes. Firstly, the organism needs energy for activity and internal maintenance. The need for energy can be satisfied by a variety of compounds that are oxidized and therefore is called a non-specific need. Secondly, heterotrophic organisms need a supply of specific substances for synthesis of new ...
Towards a framework for assessment and management of
... web model that encompassed the major trophic groups in the seagrass ecosystem (step 1). We considered tradeoffs between complexity and data availability. Then, we defined the major trophic interactions and organic matter flows in the system (step 2). We also identified the major threats to each ecos ...
... web model that encompassed the major trophic groups in the seagrass ecosystem (step 1). We considered tradeoffs between complexity and data availability. Then, we defined the major trophic interactions and organic matter flows in the system (step 2). We also identified the major threats to each ecos ...
Brood space limitation of reproduction may explain growth after
... second theory is also possible as the volume of the brood chamber may not be sufficient to hold all the eggs that could be produced. To our knowledge, there has only been one previous example of an experimental test of the latter hypothesis (Perrin, 1989). This test revealed that identically sized i ...
... second theory is also possible as the volume of the brood chamber may not be sufficient to hold all the eggs that could be produced. To our knowledge, there has only been one previous example of an experimental test of the latter hypothesis (Perrin, 1989). This test revealed that identically sized i ...
Horn polyphenism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus
... horse dung for 4 days, after which brood balls were collected and weighed. Pairs were then provided widi a new breeding container and allowed to breed for additional 4 days, this time provided with cow dung. Order of treatment was reversed in the other six pairs. Because variation in brood ball weig ...
... horse dung for 4 days, after which brood balls were collected and weighed. Pairs were then provided widi a new breeding container and allowed to breed for additional 4 days, this time provided with cow dung. Order of treatment was reversed in the other six pairs. Because variation in brood ball weig ...
C:\RZ\LIS Food Webs\LIS FOOD WEBS FINAL REPORT\Zajac et al
... levels of consumers leading to the highest trophic level, humans. However, ecosystems are rarely comprised of simple food chains, but rather they are comprised of food webs with a variety of species at different trophic levels and variable connections within and among trophic levels. The ecosystem i ...
... levels of consumers leading to the highest trophic level, humans. However, ecosystems are rarely comprised of simple food chains, but rather they are comprised of food webs with a variety of species at different trophic levels and variable connections within and among trophic levels. The ecosystem i ...
WINTER BROWSING BY MOOSE AND HARES IN SUBARCTIC
... key factor for both species. In spite of this, hares and moose used different parts of the same environment because they respond to food resource distribution at different spatial scales. Hares fed from smaller plants, and focused their foraging activity on smaller spatial scales than moose. These r ...
... key factor for both species. In spite of this, hares and moose used different parts of the same environment because they respond to food resource distribution at different spatial scales. Hares fed from smaller plants, and focused their foraging activity on smaller spatial scales than moose. These r ...
Prey size, prey nutrition, and food handling by shrews of different
... they hoarded, abandoned, and left on trays (W ⫽ 43–55, p ⫽ .002–.027). However, the proportions of nonutilized food were still quite high (37.3% in N. anomalus and 43.0% in N. fodiens), and they did not differ significantly from proportions of utilized food (Figure 1a). Interspecific comparisons rev ...
... they hoarded, abandoned, and left on trays (W ⫽ 43–55, p ⫽ .002–.027). However, the proportions of nonutilized food were still quite high (37.3% in N. anomalus and 43.0% in N. fodiens), and they did not differ significantly from proportions of utilized food (Figure 1a). Interspecific comparisons rev ...
Compensation masks trophic cascades in complex food
... et al, 2007). This modeling framework was chosen because it is grounded in empirical knowledge about network structure, species parameters and nonlinear interaction dynamics. Previous work has shown that allometric scaling of parameters and complex functional responses are vital for modeling persist ...
... et al, 2007). This modeling framework was chosen because it is grounded in empirical knowledge about network structure, species parameters and nonlinear interaction dynamics. Previous work has shown that allometric scaling of parameters and complex functional responses are vital for modeling persist ...
Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities
... Understanding how global change will affect food webs has been an important area of recent research that has focused distinctly on the grazer world. However, many predictions such as the mismatched timing of consumers and prey [40], and changing weather extremes, [41] including drought [42] – foreca ...
... Understanding how global change will affect food webs has been an important area of recent research that has focused distinctly on the grazer world. However, many predictions such as the mismatched timing of consumers and prey [40], and changing weather extremes, [41] including drought [42] – foreca ...
Local food
Local food or the local food movement is a movement which aims to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region; in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks, improve local economies, or for health, environmental, community, or social impact in a particular place. The term has also been extended to include not only geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be ""defined in terms of social and supply chain characteristics."" For example, local food initiatives often promote sustainable and organic farming practices, although these are not explicitly related to the geographic proximity of the producer and consumer.Local food represents an alternative to the global food model, a model which often sees food travelling long distances before it reaches the consumer. A local food network involves relationships between food producers, distributors, retailers, and consumers in a particular place where they work together to increase food security and ensure economic, ecological and social sustainability of a community