Motor activity induced by disinhibition of the primary motor cortex of
... Key words: Neocortex; GABA; GABA A receptor; NMDA receptor; Glutamate Application of a GABAA 0,-aminobutyric acid-A) receptor antagonist through a microdialysis probe into the forelimb primary motor cortex of ketamine-anesthetized rats induced electromyographic activity in the contralateral forelimb ...
... Key words: Neocortex; GABA; GABA A receptor; NMDA receptor; Glutamate Application of a GABAA 0,-aminobutyric acid-A) receptor antagonist through a microdialysis probe into the forelimb primary motor cortex of ketamine-anesthetized rats induced electromyographic activity in the contralateral forelimb ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... information to learn, choose, prepare and execute goaldirected behaviour (FIG. 1). I also attempt to place the processing of drug rewards within a general framework of neuronal reward mechanisms. ...
... information to learn, choose, prepare and execute goaldirected behaviour (FIG. 1). I also attempt to place the processing of drug rewards within a general framework of neuronal reward mechanisms. ...
An Introduction to the Disease of Addiction
... • Meditation practitioners develop an increase in synchronous gamma-frequency oscillations on EEG. In addition their EEGs show phase-synchrony during meditation. Both of these phenomenon are predominantly over the frontal lobes. (Davidson, 2004) ...
... • Meditation practitioners develop an increase in synchronous gamma-frequency oscillations on EEG. In addition their EEGs show phase-synchrony during meditation. Both of these phenomenon are predominantly over the frontal lobes. (Davidson, 2004) ...
Auditory Nerve Stochasticity Impedes Category Learning: the Role
... Fig 1. Schematic representation of the full AN-CN-IC-A1 (A), the reduced AN-A1 (B) and the simple four-stage (C) models of the auditory brain. Blue circles represent excitatory (E) and red circles represent inhibitory (I) neurons. The connectivity within each stage of the models is demonstrated usin ...
... Fig 1. Schematic representation of the full AN-CN-IC-A1 (A), the reduced AN-A1 (B) and the simple four-stage (C) models of the auditory brain. Blue circles represent excitatory (E) and red circles represent inhibitory (I) neurons. The connectivity within each stage of the models is demonstrated usin ...
Zebrafish and motor control over the last decade
... 2005). Finally, another major advantage is the similarities to networks in Xenopus tadpoles, which are already reasonably well understood based upon decades of study (Roberts, 2000; Roberts et al., 1998). This has allowed more directed questions about cell types whose structure and transmitter pheno ...
... 2005). Finally, another major advantage is the similarities to networks in Xenopus tadpoles, which are already reasonably well understood based upon decades of study (Roberts, 2000; Roberts et al., 1998). This has allowed more directed questions about cell types whose structure and transmitter pheno ...
The assessment of hemispheric lateralization in functional MRI
... cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses during each experimental condition. The tasks and sessions were a ...
... cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses during each experimental condition. The tasks and sessions were a ...
Role of kallikrein enzymes in the central nervous system
... results were reported by Little et al. [20] who named the gene ‘‘zyme’’ and provided evidence about its possible involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD, discussed below). The rat and human orthologs of the same gene were independently cloned by Scarisbrick et al. [21] and it was named Myelencephalon ...
... results were reported by Little et al. [20] who named the gene ‘‘zyme’’ and provided evidence about its possible involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD, discussed below). The rat and human orthologs of the same gene were independently cloned by Scarisbrick et al. [21] and it was named Myelencephalon ...
Coding of movement
... Scope of the model To properly ascertain the contribution of neural activities to movement control, it is necessary to consider neural and movement data simultaneously. An appropriate animal (monkey) model of this situation is obtained using a mechanical exoskeleton that puts constraints on the degr ...
... Scope of the model To properly ascertain the contribution of neural activities to movement control, it is necessary to consider neural and movement data simultaneously. An appropriate animal (monkey) model of this situation is obtained using a mechanical exoskeleton that puts constraints on the degr ...
A CLN8 nonsense mutation in the whole genome sequence of a
... and progressive cognitive decline, motor impairment, and vision loss accompanied by accumulation of autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies in the central nervous system and elsewhere in the body. Mutations in at least 14 genes underlie the various forms of NCL. One of these genes, CLN8, encodes an ...
... and progressive cognitive decline, motor impairment, and vision loss accompanied by accumulation of autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies in the central nervous system and elsewhere in the body. Mutations in at least 14 genes underlie the various forms of NCL. One of these genes, CLN8, encodes an ...
Chapter 19: Brain Rhythms and Sleep
... enhance waking state; active at end of REM cycle – Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events; active during waking; may initiate REM cycles – Diffuse modulatory system control rhythmic behaviors of thalamus controls cortical EEG sensory input flow to cortex blocked by slowed thalamic rhythms – Activ ...
... enhance waking state; active at end of REM cycle – Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events; active during waking; may initiate REM cycles – Diffuse modulatory system control rhythmic behaviors of thalamus controls cortical EEG sensory input flow to cortex blocked by slowed thalamic rhythms – Activ ...
Forecasting Generation Waste Using Artificial Neural Networks 1
... storage containers, transition stations, disposal capacity and proper organization. There are many different ways to assess the waste generation (WG) rates; the most instrumental of them are load-count analysis, weight-volume analysis and materials-balance analysis. Nevertheless, these are the centr ...
... storage containers, transition stations, disposal capacity and proper organization. There are many different ways to assess the waste generation (WG) rates; the most instrumental of them are load-count analysis, weight-volume analysis and materials-balance analysis. Nevertheless, these are the centr ...
Ochsner
... daily lives. This is not to say that we cannot experience emotions in non-social contexts (e.g., disgust at trash) but rather that it is difficult to have social interactions without emotion. This might explain why the paradigms used in social cognitive and affective neuroscience research are striki ...
... daily lives. This is not to say that we cannot experience emotions in non-social contexts (e.g., disgust at trash) but rather that it is difficult to have social interactions without emotion. This might explain why the paradigms used in social cognitive and affective neuroscience research are striki ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... underlying computations remains rather limited. This fact stands in contrast with a wide variety of speculative theories about how action recognition might work, and how it might interact with other cognitive brain functions. This review focuses on new fundamental electrophysiological results in mon ...
... underlying computations remains rather limited. This fact stands in contrast with a wide variety of speculative theories about how action recognition might work, and how it might interact with other cognitive brain functions. This review focuses on new fundamental electrophysiological results in mon ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
... bit 1 is coded by the firing of a neuron within a certain short time window, and 0 by the non-firing of this neuron within this time window (see e.g., Valiant, 1994). However, under this coding scheme a threshold circuit provides a reasonably good model for a network of spiking neurons only if the f ...
Frog Reflexes/synapses
... Neural Integration Once you understand how individual nerve cells (neurons) work, the next level of complexity is to study how a neuron interacts with another neuron, or other types of cells. This is the beginning of understanding the nervous system and its functions. In this lab exercise, you will ...
... Neural Integration Once you understand how individual nerve cells (neurons) work, the next level of complexity is to study how a neuron interacts with another neuron, or other types of cells. This is the beginning of understanding the nervous system and its functions. In this lab exercise, you will ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... attention, wakefulness, REM sleep -Cholinergic structures of basal forebrain project to a. the cerebral cortex –regulation of behavioral functions, including cortical arousal, wakefulness, sensory processing, learning and memory b. Reticular nucleus of thalamus other thalamic nuclei– modulate activi ...
... attention, wakefulness, REM sleep -Cholinergic structures of basal forebrain project to a. the cerebral cortex –regulation of behavioral functions, including cortical arousal, wakefulness, sensory processing, learning and memory b. Reticular nucleus of thalamus other thalamic nuclei– modulate activi ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... problem in operational terms. How are the signals from distinct populations of neurons combined for higherlevel computation? How do high-level neurons determine which inputs carry information requiring further analysis? The problem would not arise if higher-order neurons received input from just a f ...
... problem in operational terms. How are the signals from distinct populations of neurons combined for higherlevel computation? How do high-level neurons determine which inputs carry information requiring further analysis? The problem would not arise if higher-order neurons received input from just a f ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... analyses if the event-related discharge differed significantly from baseline (small-sample test statistic t for the difference between two means, P ⬍ 0.05). In some cases (8/39), the change in discharge occurred after the presentation of the visual cue, but before movement onset, and could not be de ...
... analyses if the event-related discharge differed significantly from baseline (small-sample test statistic t for the difference between two means, P ⬍ 0.05). In some cases (8/39), the change in discharge occurred after the presentation of the visual cue, but before movement onset, and could not be de ...
Linear Combinations of Optic Flow Vectors for Estimating Self
... flow fields (an example is shown in Fig. 1). This suggests a possible involvement of these neurons in the extraction of self-motion parameters from the optic flow, which might be useful, for instance, for stabilizing the fly’s head during flight manoeuvres. A recent study [2] has shown that a simpli ...
... flow fields (an example is shown in Fig. 1). This suggests a possible involvement of these neurons in the extraction of self-motion parameters from the optic flow, which might be useful, for instance, for stabilizing the fly’s head during flight manoeuvres. A recent study [2] has shown that a simpli ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... Characteristic of conditional irritants For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this i ...
... Characteristic of conditional irritants For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this i ...
How Spike Generation Mechanisms Determine the Neuronal
... well described by the square root behavior. The reset voltage, Vr, and the refractory period, ref, were chosen to minimize the difference of its f–I curve with one of the WB models for input currents well above IT (Fig. 1). Matching the f–I curves in this range of currents determines Vr ⫽ ⫺63.8 mV ...
... well described by the square root behavior. The reset voltage, Vr, and the refractory period, ref, were chosen to minimize the difference of its f–I curve with one of the WB models for input currents well above IT (Fig. 1). Matching the f–I curves in this range of currents determines Vr ⫽ ⫺63.8 mV ...
Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of
... is often active during tasks of emotional processing (Lane et al., 1997a, b, c; Reiman et al., 1997). Emotional tasks also involve the anterior cingulate, particularly when some cognitive component, in addition to emotion perception, is added to the task (e.g. gender identification or recognition of ...
... is often active during tasks of emotional processing (Lane et al., 1997a, b, c; Reiman et al., 1997). Emotional tasks also involve the anterior cingulate, particularly when some cognitive component, in addition to emotion perception, is added to the task (e.g. gender identification or recognition of ...
Hybrid Analogies in Conceptual Innovation in Science
... in a model-system: an in vitro network of cultured neurons locally referred to as “the dish.” Building this in vitro model-system involves extracting neurons from embryonic rats, dissociating them (breaking the connections between neurons) and plating them on a dish with embedded electrodes known a ...
... in a model-system: an in vitro network of cultured neurons locally referred to as “the dish.” Building this in vitro model-system involves extracting neurons from embryonic rats, dissociating them (breaking the connections between neurons) and plating them on a dish with embedded electrodes known a ...
The Brain and Addiction
... Slide 4: Pathway for sensation of pain and reaction to pain This is a long pathway, in which neurons make connections in both the brain and the spinal cord. Explain what happens when one slams a door on one's finger. First, nerve endings in the finger sense the injury to the finger (sensory neurons ...
... Slide 4: Pathway for sensation of pain and reaction to pain This is a long pathway, in which neurons make connections in both the brain and the spinal cord. Explain what happens when one slams a door on one's finger. First, nerve endings in the finger sense the injury to the finger (sensory neurons ...