Deficits of brainstem and spinal cord functions after
... within the brainstem called the pre-Bötzinger complex which is continuously modulated by endogenous bionamines (8). Here, we investigated the respiratory function in HI mice 1 wk after the brain infarct. Plethysmographic recordings revealed a depressed respiratory frequency suggesting a dysfunction ...
... within the brainstem called the pre-Bötzinger complex which is continuously modulated by endogenous bionamines (8). Here, we investigated the respiratory function in HI mice 1 wk after the brain infarct. Plethysmographic recordings revealed a depressed respiratory frequency suggesting a dysfunction ...
Brain-Computer - University of South Australia
... and their immediate context is well understood, long-standing, and widely applied by law and policy makers. It forms the basis for legislative and other regulatory approaches such as the Australian Privacy Act, the European Union’s privacy directives and the OECD’s guidelines. These legal obligation ...
... and their immediate context is well understood, long-standing, and widely applied by law and policy makers. It forms the basis for legislative and other regulatory approaches such as the Australian Privacy Act, the European Union’s privacy directives and the OECD’s guidelines. These legal obligation ...
Temporal Dependent Plasticity: An Information Theoretic Approach
... inhibitory cortical neurons do not participate in spatial coding but serve to limit network activity, our analysis predicts that indeed no temporal learning would occur in these neurons, as they are not needed for pattern discrimination. However, it predicts that in systems where inhibitory neurons ...
... inhibitory cortical neurons do not participate in spatial coding but serve to limit network activity, our analysis predicts that indeed no temporal learning would occur in these neurons, as they are not needed for pattern discrimination. However, it predicts that in systems where inhibitory neurons ...
Comparison of Quantities: Core and Format
... in favor of negative numbers as being mapped in a spatial code. Based on this evidence, we expected negative numbers to activate the IPS. Also, that negative integers are rooted in the same system than positive integers will enable exploring the influence of the notion of negativity. To address this ...
... in favor of negative numbers as being mapped in a spatial code. Based on this evidence, we expected negative numbers to activate the IPS. Also, that negative integers are rooted in the same system than positive integers will enable exploring the influence of the notion of negativity. To address this ...
The importance of mixed selectivity in complex
... A breakdown in dimensionality (due to non-task relevant, variable sources –noise) results in errors. Consequently, nonlinear mixed selectivity neurons are “most useful, but also most fragile” This non-linearity, ensemble coding comes bundled with an ability for these neurons to quickly adapt to exec ...
... A breakdown in dimensionality (due to non-task relevant, variable sources –noise) results in errors. Consequently, nonlinear mixed selectivity neurons are “most useful, but also most fragile” This non-linearity, ensemble coding comes bundled with an ability for these neurons to quickly adapt to exec ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Partner B
... efferent or exit pathway via motor neurons to the effectors, which are, in this case, the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, ...
... efferent or exit pathway via motor neurons to the effectors, which are, in this case, the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, ...
Differential Localization of G Protein βγ Subunits
... eterotrimeric G proteins play essential roles in cellular communication by transducing extracellular signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to a wide range of downstream effectors. The fidelity of this process depends in part upon the G protein itself, as it requires guanine nucleotidebindin ...
... eterotrimeric G proteins play essential roles in cellular communication by transducing extracellular signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to a wide range of downstream effectors. The fidelity of this process depends in part upon the G protein itself, as it requires guanine nucleotidebindin ...
The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements
... overall activity of GPi neurons is decreased.4,5 This would appear to be consistent with the prevailing models of hyperkinetic movement disorders.1,2 However, tonic reduction of GPi activity alone cannot explain chorea because (1) experimental lesions of the GPi do not cause chorea; (2) monkeys with ...
... overall activity of GPi neurons is decreased.4,5 This would appear to be consistent with the prevailing models of hyperkinetic movement disorders.1,2 However, tonic reduction of GPi activity alone cannot explain chorea because (1) experimental lesions of the GPi do not cause chorea; (2) monkeys with ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), primary visual (V1), primary motor (M1), and lateral entorhinal (LEnt) cortices, together with optical fractionator estimates of the number of neurons in laminae IV, V, and VI of S1 and V1. The same unbiased stereological method was used to investigate the survival ...
... somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), primary visual (V1), primary motor (M1), and lateral entorhinal (LEnt) cortices, together with optical fractionator estimates of the number of neurons in laminae IV, V, and VI of S1 and V1. The same unbiased stereological method was used to investigate the survival ...
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Dopamine
... – It is still not fully understood how memory formation occurs – However, research has shown that when a shortterm memory is converted into long-term storage in the hippocampus, neurons in the brain help to synthesize protein molecules and new connections between neurons are formed ...
... – It is still not fully understood how memory formation occurs – However, research has shown that when a shortterm memory is converted into long-term storage in the hippocampus, neurons in the brain help to synthesize protein molecules and new connections between neurons are formed ...
PDF
... this information only preceded the reward by about 2 s! The report goes on to show that, as would be expected of a true information prediction error signal, uninformative cues (for instance, XY) cause habenula neurons to fire only if this lack of information was unexpected. Furthermore, consistent w ...
... this information only preceded the reward by about 2 s! The report goes on to show that, as would be expected of a true information prediction error signal, uninformative cues (for instance, XY) cause habenula neurons to fire only if this lack of information was unexpected. Furthermore, consistent w ...
Speciation by perception
... a picture consisting of a grid of 6 6 cells the ‘crow’ was a 4 4 square (Fig. 1, bottom row) that could occur in any position in the 6 6 grid (Fig. 1, bottom row). Variation between pictures is necessary to obtain generalization ability in networks and avoid overtraining. An overtrained networ ...
... a picture consisting of a grid of 6 6 cells the ‘crow’ was a 4 4 square (Fig. 1, bottom row) that could occur in any position in the 6 6 grid (Fig. 1, bottom row). Variation between pictures is necessary to obtain generalization ability in networks and avoid overtraining. An overtrained networ ...
Consciousness, Microtubules and The Quantum World
... Hameroff: I believe that proper application of quantum theory to neurobiology can explain them, or at least a new version of quantum theory, as Roger Penrose has been suggesting. I see five difficult features of consciousness. The first two we have already discussed: the hard problem of experience, ...
... Hameroff: I believe that proper application of quantum theory to neurobiology can explain them, or at least a new version of quantum theory, as Roger Penrose has been suggesting. I see five difficult features of consciousness. The first two we have already discussed: the hard problem of experience, ...
Congenital blindness affects diencephalic but not mesencephalic
... reliance on vision (Pavani et al. 2000; Ehrsson 2007). In addition, the importance of the visual modality is reflected not only by the number of subcortical structures involved but also by the large proportion of the neocortical surface dedicated to the processing of visual stimuli (Felleman and Van ...
... reliance on vision (Pavani et al. 2000; Ehrsson 2007). In addition, the importance of the visual modality is reflected not only by the number of subcortical structures involved but also by the large proportion of the neocortical surface dedicated to the processing of visual stimuli (Felleman and Van ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Research is inconclusive regarding the exact functions of REM. • During REM: – The brain may discard useless connections – Learned motor skills may be consolidated. • Maurice (1998) suggests the function of REM is simply to shake the eyeballs back and forth to prov ...
... Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Research is inconclusive regarding the exact functions of REM. • During REM: – The brain may discard useless connections – Learned motor skills may be consolidated. • Maurice (1998) suggests the function of REM is simply to shake the eyeballs back and forth to prov ...
The ventral striatum in goal-directed behavior and - UvA-DARE
... theories is the ‘standard’ theory of declarative memory consolidation. This theory posits that the hippocampus, together with other areas of the medial temporal lobe, is crucial for all forms of declarative memory for a limited period of time (Squire, 1986; Squire et al., 2004). Ultimately, all memo ...
... theories is the ‘standard’ theory of declarative memory consolidation. This theory posits that the hippocampus, together with other areas of the medial temporal lobe, is crucial for all forms of declarative memory for a limited period of time (Squire, 1986; Squire et al., 2004). Ultimately, all memo ...
C ontribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to laser
... of nociceptive stimulation [25]. Furthermore, cingulectomized rabbits fail to learn an inactive avoidance learning that involves avoidance of foot shock [19,20]. The conditioned emotional response is an accepted animal model of emotional stress in which an animal learns to form associations between ...
... of nociceptive stimulation [25]. Furthermore, cingulectomized rabbits fail to learn an inactive avoidance learning that involves avoidance of foot shock [19,20]. The conditioned emotional response is an accepted animal model of emotional stress in which an animal learns to form associations between ...
CHAPTER TWO
... The other type of training is called unsupervised training. In unsupervised training, the network is provided with inputs but not with desired outputs. The system itself must then decide what features it will use to group the input data. This is often referred to as self-organization or adaption. At ...
... The other type of training is called unsupervised training. In unsupervised training, the network is provided with inputs but not with desired outputs. The system itself must then decide what features it will use to group the input data. This is often referred to as self-organization or adaption. At ...
Functional features of the rat subicular microcircuits studied in vitro
... inputs are differentially modulated. The CA1-activated EPSPs are the main targets of a dopaminergic control that depresses glutamate release via presynaptic D1 receptors [7], in contrast to the weakly modulated perforant path. Subicular EPSPs activated by CA1 stimulation also exhibit diverse forms o ...
... inputs are differentially modulated. The CA1-activated EPSPs are the main targets of a dopaminergic control that depresses glutamate release via presynaptic D1 receptors [7], in contrast to the weakly modulated perforant path. Subicular EPSPs activated by CA1 stimulation also exhibit diverse forms o ...
the reason of discrepancy of known theories of ageing
... an individual in interests of a population, and also its last boundary of protection against epidemics and monsters with the broken genetic program. In view of these ideas the death from an old age is considered as one of many displays of phenoptosis, caused by starting of the program of self-liquid ...
... an individual in interests of a population, and also its last boundary of protection against epidemics and monsters with the broken genetic program. In view of these ideas the death from an old age is considered as one of many displays of phenoptosis, caused by starting of the program of self-liquid ...
autonomic nervous system
... to the next through the terminal buttons of the axons, the most common arrangement is for a neuron’s terminal buttons to be near, but not touching, the receptive dendrites of neighboring ...
... to the next through the terminal buttons of the axons, the most common arrangement is for a neuron’s terminal buttons to be near, but not touching, the receptive dendrites of neighboring ...