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24 Optogenetics - how to use light to manipulate neuronal networks
24 Optogenetics - how to use light to manipulate neuronal networks

Biological Basis of Behavior
Biological Basis of Behavior

Sense Organs
Sense Organs

... (3) The pupil also regulates how much light passes into the eye. c. convergence of the eyes. (1) Convergence is the medial rotation of the eyes during close vision. E. Structure and Function of the Retina 1. Retina consists of a pigmented retina and a sensory retina. a. Pigmented retina (retinal pi ...
Class
Class

Previous lecture
Previous lecture

... A. Inhibitory synapses on dendrites do a good job of inhibiting EPSPs on nearby spines B. Inhibitory synapses on cell bodies and initial segments ...
Mind, Brain & Behavior
Mind, Brain & Behavior

... Astereognosia – inability to recognize objects by touch. Neglect syndrome – ignore half of body. ...
Somatic senses
Somatic senses

...  Rapidly transferred to CNS by small myelinated fibeers  Slow pain – more diffused pain  Carried by small unmyelinated fibers ...
AHD Legault Visual system Apr 1
AHD Legault Visual system Apr 1

... • Striate cortex, area 17 • Cortex with wide layer IV, with an extra band of myelinated fibers: stria of Gennari, which give its name to the cortex • Macular sparing: collateral of MCA to caudal parts of visual cortex ...
solutions - Berkeley MCB
solutions - Berkeley MCB

... a. Rods hyperpolarize to light, while cones depolarize to light b. Cones do not use the effector enzyme phosphodiesterase c. Cones and rods use different types of opsins d. Only cones contain retinal 2) The optic disk is a “blind spot” in the visual field because: This is where the retinal ganglion ...
answers
answers

... and ganglia in the neighboring somites. However, at the early stage of development these structures contain similar numbers of cell bodies. What mechanisms might account for the difference in cell number between the brachial plexus and the neighboring nerves? What might be the principal regulator? A ...
BIOL212DevLab29MAY2012
BIOL212DevLab29MAY2012

... the neural tube will expand to form the brain; the spinal cord will develop posterior to the brain. Aggregations of mesoderm (mesodermal somites) behind the brain and alongside the spinal cord will form vertebrae (back bones) that protect and enclose the spinal cord. Mesodermal somites also give ris ...
endocrine system
endocrine system

... telling it to fire and some are telling it not to fire. ...
R24Summary Statement - University of Illinois Archives
R24Summary Statement - University of Illinois Archives

... geometrical specializations of neurons place much of the information input in one region of the cell, albeit a big one. This provides a conceptual and a practical approach to working out complex information processing pathways. Since it is now well demonstrated that dendrites not only contain enzyme ...
Embryology
Embryology

... P.S. Neural plates grow forming a neural groove. When both sides of the neural groove are brought close enough together for their tips to touch a neural tube forms. P.S. Remember that the ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system as well as the epidermis of the skin. ...
Itch neurons play a role in managing pain
Itch neurons play a role in managing pain

... signals from GRP neurons after they're transported up the spinal cord. ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System

... They are not responsible for electrical impulse Their job is to: – Surround the neurons to anchor them in place – Produce the fat (myelin) of the axon to speed ...
Click here to get the file
Click here to get the file

... • Place cells are the principal neurons found in a special area of the mammal brain, the hippocampus. • They fire strongly when an animal (a rat) is in a specific location of an environment. • Place cells were first described in 1971 by O'Keefe and Dostrovsky during experiments with rats. • View sen ...
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

... The gray matter in the center surrounds the central core Looks like a butterfly ...
Final from 2010
Final from 2010

... A new marine worm that lives in the mud has been discovered. The worm is similar to a fly larva, in that it has belts of bristles, but unlike the fly, these extend in a graded pattern all around the circumference from ventral to dorsal. The ventral bristles are unpigmented, and dorsal bristles have ...
Chapters 31 and 34 - Nervous Endocrine
Chapters 31 and 34 - Nervous Endocrine

... Impulse from sense organ to spinal cord/brain • Motor Neurons: Impulse from brain/spinal cord to muscles and glands • Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons ...
chapter 3 powerpoint
chapter 3 powerpoint

... Action Potential Properties All-or-None Response: When the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire. Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. ...
Decision Making: Hitting an uncertain target | eLife
Decision Making: Hitting an uncertain target | eLife

... the previous trials: this approach makes sense when relatively little information is available. The Northwestern group also observed relatively high levels of activity in the PMd neurons representing directions other than the selected direction when the uncertainty was high: this suggests that, duri ...
Low-Power Circuits for Brain-Machine Interfaces
Low-Power Circuits for Brain-Machine Interfaces

... investigating brain function. Experiments using such Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) have shown that it is possible to predict intended limb movements by analyzing simultaneous recordings from many neurons. These findings have suggested a potential approach for treating paralysis [1]. Chronic use of ...
Development and Differentiation
Development and Differentiation

... 3. By the time the embryo reaches the uterus it has formed the Blastocyst- a hollow ball of cells formed by mitotic division . The inner cell mass will develop into the baby, whereas the other cells called the trophoblast will become the membranes that nourish the embryo. ...
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Development of the nervous system

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