Guns, Germs and Steel
... opportunity or “resources” to fashion products of use to himself, to improve his well-being, and to increase his numbers. An environment can only be described in terms of the knowledge and preferences of the occupying persons: “natural resources” are in fact cultural appraisals. Occasionally, a new ...
... opportunity or “resources” to fashion products of use to himself, to improve his well-being, and to increase his numbers. An environment can only be described in terms of the knowledge and preferences of the occupying persons: “natural resources” are in fact cultural appraisals. Occasionally, a new ...
Asymmetric competition between plant species
... In the same way that plants within monocultures form competitive hierarchies (Ross & Harper 1972; Weiner & Solbrig 1984), it would be expected that in mixtures of species, competition is not equal for all members of the interacting populations. Furthermore, species differ in their ability to capture ...
... In the same way that plants within monocultures form competitive hierarchies (Ross & Harper 1972; Weiner & Solbrig 1984), it would be expected that in mixtures of species, competition is not equal for all members of the interacting populations. Furthermore, species differ in their ability to capture ...
Using Network Analysis to infer impact of climate change on
... non-obligate links with other species, assemblages are unlikely to behave as discrete ...
... non-obligate links with other species, assemblages are unlikely to behave as discrete ...
16: 228-235
... with physiological and growth benefits for the nurse species (Pugnaire et al., 1996) would provide valuable evidence about the mutualistic nature of facilitation. However, to demonstrate such a mutualism, it is ultimately necessary to measure a fitness component like reproductive success and compare i ...
... with physiological and growth benefits for the nurse species (Pugnaire et al., 1996) would provide valuable evidence about the mutualistic nature of facilitation. However, to demonstrate such a mutualism, it is ultimately necessary to measure a fitness component like reproductive success and compare i ...
Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity
... provide multiple ecosystem functions, ranging from invasion resistance to productivity to support for higher trophic levels. Unlike previous analyses of multifunctionality based on calculated (8) or regression-based estimates (11) of individual species’ contributions to functioning, our approach is ...
... provide multiple ecosystem functions, ranging from invasion resistance to productivity to support for higher trophic levels. Unlike previous analyses of multifunctionality based on calculated (8) or regression-based estimates (11) of individual species’ contributions to functioning, our approach is ...
4.4 biological resources
... the United States. These waters include wetlands and non-wetland bodies of water that meet specific criteria, including a direct or indirect connection to interstate commerce. The ACOE regulatory jurisdiction pursuant to Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act is founded on a connection, or nexus ...
... the United States. These waters include wetlands and non-wetland bodies of water that meet specific criteria, including a direct or indirect connection to interstate commerce. The ACOE regulatory jurisdiction pursuant to Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act is founded on a connection, or nexus ...
Do persistent rare species experience stronger negative frequency
... relatively more conspecifics and fewer heterospecifics. Frequency dependence describes how the per capita growth rate of a focal species changes across this gradient (Figure 1): if the focal species occupies a unique, narrow niche, its per capita growth rate will decline rapidly as its frequency in ...
... relatively more conspecifics and fewer heterospecifics. Frequency dependence describes how the per capita growth rate of a focal species changes across this gradient (Figure 1): if the focal species occupies a unique, narrow niche, its per capita growth rate will decline rapidly as its frequency in ...
Population structure of Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and its
... species can alter the composition of the plant community3–5. Dramatic shifts in patterns of dominance and distribution in native plant communities can not only lead to the extinction of less common plant species6, but can also impact the populations of native fauna, directly through availability of ...
... species can alter the composition of the plant community3–5. Dramatic shifts in patterns of dominance and distribution in native plant communities can not only lead to the extinction of less common plant species6, but can also impact the populations of native fauna, directly through availability of ...
Invasive Plants and Wildlife Habitat Conservation Planning in an Era of
... ABSTRACT Like all grasslands across North America, the distribution of desert grasslands has been reduced markedly, and remnants have been altered extensively by humans. In Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, USA, and in Mexico, desert grasslands have been invaded by dozens of non-native plants, especially ...
... ABSTRACT Like all grasslands across North America, the distribution of desert grasslands has been reduced markedly, and remnants have been altered extensively by humans. In Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, USA, and in Mexico, desert grasslands have been invaded by dozens of non-native plants, especially ...
Malleefowl Iconic Species Project
... running for more than 20 years. The SOS is pleased to have been able to assist with crucial funding to assist this program to continue. Also, working with the National Parks and Wildlife Service in Dubbo the SOS contributed to Goonoo NP and SCA through: Mound excavation - During the 2012/13 breadi ...
... running for more than 20 years. The SOS is pleased to have been able to assist with crucial funding to assist this program to continue. Also, working with the National Parks and Wildlife Service in Dubbo the SOS contributed to Goonoo NP and SCA through: Mound excavation - During the 2012/13 breadi ...
Comparative ecology of seedling recruitment in an oligotrophic wet
... conditions, characterized by the day when half of the seeds had germinated, was also affected by chilling. Although differences were small in most species, in some species they were highly significant (Fig. 2). However, biological and statistical significance need not always correspond to each other ...
... conditions, characterized by the day when half of the seeds had germinated, was also affected by chilling. Although differences were small in most species, in some species they were highly significant (Fig. 2). However, biological and statistical significance need not always correspond to each other ...
Comments - Forest Isbell
... testing, while their absolute magnitudes should be interpreted more cautiously because of the range of biological processes that can affect them. Liberal interpretations of AP as a means to identify and quantify species interactions may have resulted from ambiguous usage of the term ‘‘mechanism’’ in ...
... testing, while their absolute magnitudes should be interpreted more cautiously because of the range of biological processes that can affect them. Liberal interpretations of AP as a means to identify and quantify species interactions may have resulted from ambiguous usage of the term ‘‘mechanism’’ in ...
Impacts of carp in Australia
... The end result of one or a combination of these impacts will be reduced water quality and/or reduced abundance and diversity of native species. Attempts to critically evaluate these effects in Australia have produced inconclusive results. As biological systems are naturally highly variable, it has b ...
... The end result of one or a combination of these impacts will be reduced water quality and/or reduced abundance and diversity of native species. Attempts to critically evaluate these effects in Australia have produced inconclusive results. As biological systems are naturally highly variable, it has b ...
Deleting species from model food webs
... The model We will now give an overview of the model we will use to evolve the food webs. A more detailed description is given in Appendix 1, or alternatively in Caldarelli et al. (1998), Drossel et al. (2001) and Quince et al. (2002). The dynamics of the model has two time scales. On time scales of ...
... The model We will now give an overview of the model we will use to evolve the food webs. A more detailed description is given in Appendix 1, or alternatively in Caldarelli et al. (1998), Drossel et al. (2001) and Quince et al. (2002). The dynamics of the model has two time scales. On time scales of ...
Viewpoint: A theoretical basis for planning woody plant control to
... overgrazing by livestock and failed attempts at brush control (Fulbright 1991) that fire is not a practical tool to reduce brush density. Overgrazing by cattle in certain arid and semiarid landscapeshas resulted in severe soil compaction and manipulations such as heavy discing are required to promot ...
... overgrazing by livestock and failed attempts at brush control (Fulbright 1991) that fire is not a practical tool to reduce brush density. Overgrazing by cattle in certain arid and semiarid landscapeshas resulted in severe soil compaction and manipulations such as heavy discing are required to promot ...
View or download introduction
... predation on nesting seabirds (up to 15% per year) were too high to allow the long-term recovery of the existing seabird populations and were likely preventing other seabird species from colonizing the area. The impacts of seed predation on endangered plants, while not as extensively documented, wer ...
... predation on nesting seabirds (up to 15% per year) were too high to allow the long-term recovery of the existing seabird populations and were likely preventing other seabird species from colonizing the area. The impacts of seed predation on endangered plants, while not as extensively documented, wer ...
Woodpeckers: distribution, conservation, and research in a global
... al. 2004). In the state of Mississippi, the successful restoration of pine-grassland habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers resulted in increased diversity of bird community (Wood et al. 2004). Moreover, woodpeckers have been used to predict the impact of forest management on wildlife habitats (Cox & ...
... al. 2004). In the state of Mississippi, the successful restoration of pine-grassland habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers resulted in increased diversity of bird community (Wood et al. 2004). Moreover, woodpeckers have been used to predict the impact of forest management on wildlife habitats (Cox & ...
JMS 70_3 257-261 eyh028 FINAL
... recruit where macroalgal mats are developing because of the altered physical environment. At relatively low biomass, it is known that stands of macroalgae may facilitate the recruitment of fauna through the entrainment of larvae (Raffaelli, Raven & Poole, 1998). Then, the settled mussels may undergo ...
... recruit where macroalgal mats are developing because of the altered physical environment. At relatively low biomass, it is known that stands of macroalgae may facilitate the recruitment of fauna through the entrainment of larvae (Raffaelli, Raven & Poole, 1998). Then, the settled mussels may undergo ...
a critique of the
... rather only slow the loss of species from local communities (Chesson and Huntly 1997, Bell 2001, Hubbell 2001, McPeek and Gomulkiewicz 2005). Many ecologists are now engaged in debates about the relative importance of these two viewpoints (niche vs. neutral dynamics; Gewin 2006). However, in followi ...
... rather only slow the loss of species from local communities (Chesson and Huntly 1997, Bell 2001, Hubbell 2001, McPeek and Gomulkiewicz 2005). Many ecologists are now engaged in debates about the relative importance of these two viewpoints (niche vs. neutral dynamics; Gewin 2006). However, in followi ...
The Niche
... An 15. interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants) is called herbivory. Herbivores, like a ring-tailed lemur, can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow. For e ...
... An 15. interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants) is called herbivory. Herbivores, like a ring-tailed lemur, can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow. For e ...
Coexistence of nearly neutral species - SYSU
... no longer equal but are determined by small differential viabilities generated by deleterious versus beneficial mutation. This nearly neutral community reduces species richness and produces species-abundance and species-area curves very different from the strictly neutral model of Hubbell. Similar r ...
... no longer equal but are determined by small differential viabilities generated by deleterious versus beneficial mutation. This nearly neutral community reduces species richness and produces species-abundance and species-area curves very different from the strictly neutral model of Hubbell. Similar r ...
Conservation and restoration of plant
... subsequently being monitored and evaluated. Thus, the real challenge to preserving and restoring biodiversity on islands is not only to focus on species themselves, but more importantly on maintaining and restoring the integrity of interactions between species. Indeed, one common problem for restora ...
... subsequently being monitored and evaluated. Thus, the real challenge to preserving and restoring biodiversity on islands is not only to focus on species themselves, but more importantly on maintaining and restoring the integrity of interactions between species. Indeed, one common problem for restora ...
article - Aquatic Invasions
... and Robinson 1992; Chipps and Wahl 2004; Mills et al. 2004). Introductions of WMF have been sporadic but have resulted in a nearly global distribution of the species and its consideration as one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world (Lynch 1988; Courtenay and Meffe 1989). In th ...
... and Robinson 1992; Chipps and Wahl 2004; Mills et al. 2004). Introductions of WMF have been sporadic but have resulted in a nearly global distribution of the species and its consideration as one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world (Lynch 1988; Courtenay and Meffe 1989). In th ...
Seed arrival, ecological filters, and plant species richness: a meta
... whereas establishment limitation imposed by competition for limiting resources becomes more important at high productivity. These concepts have given rise to the idea that community invasibility depends on the dynamics of resource availability (e.g., the "fluctuating resource hypothesis;! Davis et a ...
... whereas establishment limitation imposed by competition for limiting resources becomes more important at high productivity. These concepts have given rise to the idea that community invasibility depends on the dynamics of resource availability (e.g., the "fluctuating resource hypothesis;! Davis et a ...
biodiversity- global issues
... and is essential for human survival in the future. Humans depend on other species for all of their food and for many medicines and industrial products 22. Up to 80 per cent of the people in the developing countries depend on TRM for primary health care, most of which is derived from plants23 and som ...
... and is essential for human survival in the future. Humans depend on other species for all of their food and for many medicines and industrial products 22. Up to 80 per cent of the people in the developing countries depend on TRM for primary health care, most of which is derived from plants23 and som ...
Introduced species
An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species. Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem. Some introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. A list of some introduced species is given in a separate article.The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, farmers and others.