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Biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem functioning
Biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem functioning

... second concerns definitions based on the ability of a system to withstand change. In this latter case, the concepts of resistance (the degree to which a parameter changes after a disturbance) and resilience (the ability of an ecosystem to recoil back to its equilibrium or non-equilibrium state after ...
12663318_Emer et al manuscript resubmission2
12663318_Emer et al manuscript resubmission2

... that remain at low population size or have fewer interactions with (and hence, impact on) ...
Dynamics of ecological communities in variable environments
Dynamics of ecological communities in variable environments

... The environment that affects the population dynamics of species is naturally variable and unpredictable. Usually there is a wide spectrum of environmental variables that can change both temporally and spatially, such as climatic factors (Ruokolainen et al. 2009). Variation in the environment can aff ...
Threatened Species - Environment, Planning and Sustainable
Threatened Species - Environment, Planning and Sustainable

... short-term a public awareness campaign will be developed to inform residents who live closest or adjacent to Delma impar habitats, of ways in which these potential threats can be reduced. A number of small isolated sub-populations are known to exist in various sites in the ACT. The long-term viabili ...
Biodiversity is Autocatalytic
Biodiversity is Autocatalytic

... Autocatalytic sets were originally defined in the context of chemistry (in particular polymer systems; see below), but have more recently been extended to study systems in biology [29] and possibly economics [28]. Here, we show that biodiversity can also be considered a system of autocatalytic sets, ...
The Effect of Recycling on Plant Competitive Hierarchies
The Effect of Recycling on Plant Competitive Hierarchies

... 2 (Ingestad and Agren 1995; Reich et al. 1997). In appendix B in the online edition of the American Naturalist, we show that our result would hold if nonlinear uptake rates (e.g., Michaelis-Menten uptake kinetics) were used. Growth is limited through inter- and intraspecific competition for resource ...
Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs Joseph H
Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs Joseph H

... diversity depends only on the number of species available in the geographical area and the local population density (the "equal chance" hypothesis). (iii) Gradual environmental changes, that alter the ranking of competitive abilities, occur at a rate high enough so that the process of competitive el ...
Effects of environmental change on zoonotic disease risk: an
Effects of environmental change on zoonotic disease risk: an

... about how specific abiotic variables, acting directly or indirectly, affect zoonotic agents [15–18] (Box 1). Most zoonotic pathogens are transmitted to humans either directly from zoonotic hosts or indirectly via vectors that acquire infections from the reservoir host and transmit them to humans [11 ...
Variation in Body Shape across Species and Populations in a
Variation in Body Shape across Species and Populations in a

... We partition morphological variation among species, populations, and sexes, and test for phenotype-by-environment correlations to reveal possible functional consequences of shape variation. We found that intraspecific variation was 18-35% as large as interspecific variation across all measured trait ...
Mutualism (biology) - Basic Knowledge 101
Mutualism (biology) - Basic Knowledge 101

... Mutualism plays a key part in ecology. For example, mutualistic interactions are vital for terrestrial ecosystem function as more than 48% of land plants rely on mycorrhizal relationships with fungi to provide them with inorganic compounds and trace elements. In addition, mutualism is thought to hav ...
Community Dynamics of Insular Biotas in Space and Time
Community Dynamics of Insular Biotas in Space and Time

... It is a logical corollary of island biogeography theory that factors that determine species number also should determine species composition (e.g. Whittaker 1998). Species composition of communities is expected to be more similar among geographically close islands and habitat islands than among more ...
The interplay of pollinator diversity, pollination services
The interplay of pollinator diversity, pollination services

... components and their arrangement at different spatial scales on pollinator diversity. Not much is currently known about the effects of corridors connecting isolated habitats (Haddad et al. 2003). In this context, a promising approach for future studies is the consideration of species traits as an ex ...
eports - WSU Entomology - Washington State University
eports - WSU Entomology - Washington State University

... 2006). This is predicted to occur when different species use dissimilar subsets of the total resource pool, so that species combine to access more resources that any single species could on its own (MacArthur 1958, Hutchinson 1959). That is, species occupy complementary niches. A causal link between ...
Resource Resilience, Human Niche Construction, and the Long
Resource Resilience, Human Niche Construction, and the Long

... Premier among the r-selected generalists that came to dominate the simplified Holocene ungulate guild of the eastern woodlands was the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), which became the prey for human hunters in the region (Wolverton et al. 2008). In addition to their relatively large body ...
Rutgers Model United Nations 4 - Institute for Domestic and
Rutgers Model United Nations 4 - Institute for Domestic and

... focuses on implementing multilateral agreements and Memoranda of Understanding regarding conservation of certain species.11 States can use the CMS as a tool to base other treaties or tools that are more regional or state specific. ...
Determinants of the detrital arthropod community structure: the
Determinants of the detrital arthropod community structure: the

... history in ecology. Because the abiotic environment often varies in predictable ways along elevational gradients, montane systems are ideal to study geographic variation in the determinants of community structure. In this study, we first examined the relative importance of environmental gradients, m ...
IUCN Species Survival Commission
IUCN Species Survival Commission

... change, set against a backdrop of massive habitat destruction and fragmentation. The palaeo-ecological record and contemporary observations show that climate change has profound influence on the distribution and abundance of species. An increasing number of species will be susceptible to extinction ...
Plant communities at the periphery of the Atlantic rain forest
Plant communities at the periphery of the Atlantic rain forest

... or rocky substrates in neighbouring areas. Many such species, then, behaved as nurse plants and favoured colonization of these more extreme habitats by a number of other rainforest species. I now review recent evidence that corroborate this hypothesis, while examining the nature of such nurse plants ...
The Distribution of Life
The Distribution of Life

... survive in their native habitat. The distribution of life on Earth however is ...
Null model analysis of species associations using abundance data W U N
Null model analysis of species associations using abundance data W U N

... hypothesis too frequently. The statistical power of the test is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false. There is no convention for power levels, but a value of 0.8 (the null hypothesis is correctly rejected 80% of the time) has been suggested (Cohen 1992). Howeve ...
Mutualism or cooperation among competitors promotes coexistence
Mutualism or cooperation among competitors promotes coexistence

... exclusion or coexistence with reduced carrying capacity of both species. According to the model, both species with the lower carrying capacity would not be favored when competing with other rivals. Therefore, pure competition does not help coexistence of multiple species though it is a driving force ...
Alpine Arthropod Diversity
Alpine Arthropod Diversity

... is alpine butterflies of the genus Parnassius in the Himalayans. They have been shown to have strikingly darker wing markings at 3500 m or higher than at lower altitudes (Mani, 1968). There can be a number of reasons for this. A darker colour offers additional protection against the inreased rates o ...
Engage: Biological Relationship Tic-Tac-Toe
Engage: Biological Relationship Tic-Tac-Toe

... Explain Part 2: Symbiotic Relationships Activity Instructions: Read each passage below with your partner and interpret the relationship of the pair of organisms. If the organism benefits from the interaction, place a plus (+) sign in the box. If the organism is unaffected from the interaction, place ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... ecosystems to pre-human conditions, and its main underlying assumption is that humans were responsible for the extinction of many large-bodied organisms in the late Pleistocene (Donlan et al. 2006). We considered only relatively large, vertebrate taxa with a fossil record, as these are the taxa we a ...
The role of competitive dominance in the invasive ability of the
The role of competitive dominance in the invasive ability of the

... aggressive, and actively defend a permanent territory containing their nests and a relatively large foraging area. Dominant species usually patrol wide areas and can have an important effect on local communities, not just of ants but also of other arthropods and plants (Hölldobler and Lumsden 1980; ...
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Occupancy–abundance relationship

In ecology, the occupancy–abundance (O–A) relationship is the relationship between the abundance of species and the size of their ranges within a region. This relationship is perhaps one of the most well-documented relationships in macroecology, and applies both intra- and interspecifically (within and among species). In most cases, the O–A relationship is a positive relationship. Although an O–A relationship would be expected, given that a species colonizing a region must pass through the origin (zero abundance, zero occupancy) and could reach some theoretical maximum abundance and distribution (that is, occupancy and abundance can be expected to co-vary), the relationship described here is somewhat more substantial, in that observed changes in range are associated with greater-than-proportional changes in abundance. Although this relationship appears to be pervasive (e.g. Gaston 1996 and references therein), and has important implications for the conservation of endangered species, the mechanism(s) underlying it remain poorly understood
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