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Substitution method
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... Proof. By our assumption σ is a cycle, say it is of the form σ = (a1 , · · · , a2k+1 ) since it is of odd length. To show σ 2 is a cycle, we need to show that {a1 , a2 , · · · , a2k+1 } ⊂ {1, 2, · · · , n} is exactly one orbit of σ 2 . That is, for each ai there is a l ∈ Z such that (σ 2 )l (a1 ) = ...
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Fisher–Yates shuffle



The Fisher–Yates shuffle (named after Ronald Fisher and Frank Yates), also known as the Knuth shuffle (after Donald Knuth), is an algorithm for generating a random permutation of a finite set—in plain terms, for randomly shuffling the set. A variant of the Fisher–Yates shuffle, known as Sattolo's algorithm, may be used to generate random cyclic permutations of length n instead. The Fisher–Yates shuffle is unbiased, so that every permutation is equally likely. The modern version of the algorithm is also rather efficient, requiring only time proportional to the number of items being shuffled and no additional storage space.Fisher–Yates shuffling is similar to randomly picking numbered tickets (combinatorics: distinguishable objects) out of a hat without replacement until there are none left.
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