Problem Set 1 1.1 Birthday Problem 1.2 Russian Roulette 1.3 1
... On a certain one-way road, the average numbers of passing cars and buses are equal: each hour, on average, there are 12 buses and 12 cars passing by. The buses are scheduled: each bus appears exactly 5.0 minutes after the previous one. On the other hand, the cars appear at random. In a short interva ...
... On a certain one-way road, the average numbers of passing cars and buses are equal: each hour, on average, there are 12 buses and 12 cars passing by. The buses are scheduled: each bus appears exactly 5.0 minutes after the previous one. On the other hand, the cars appear at random. In a short interva ...
Problem 1
... 3. Name the logic function of each block in figure 3 based on your observation of the inputs and outputs. ...
... 3. Name the logic function of each block in figure 3 based on your observation of the inputs and outputs. ...
Random Walks with Decreasing Steps
... not in L . What tends to make µ singular is gaps in the distribution of S and that can occur if the step sizes cn go to 0 too rapidly. A good example is the Cantor measure that comes from cn = 3−n . If the sequence cn is square-summable P but not summable, then for each s ∈ R there are sign sequence ...
... not in L . What tends to make µ singular is gaps in the distribution of S and that can occur if the step sizes cn go to 0 too rapidly. A good example is the Cantor measure that comes from cn = 3−n . If the sequence cn is square-summable P but not summable, then for each s ∈ R there are sign sequence ...
Solution
... bowls to place the other two oranges with one orange per bowl. So, there are 5(6) = 30 ways for this scenario to occur. This gives a total of 5 + 10 + 30 = 45 ways. (b) Suppose that five men and five women are invited to have dinner at a round table. How many seating arrangements are there if there ...
... bowls to place the other two oranges with one orange per bowl. So, there are 5(6) = 30 ways for this scenario to occur. This gives a total of 5 + 10 + 30 = 45 ways. (b) Suppose that five men and five women are invited to have dinner at a round table. How many seating arrangements are there if there ...
Lecture 3
... this average -- the average wanders -- called the baseline wander. • If there are clock drifts between the sender and receiver, this cannot be detected -- how many bits were transmitted ? ...
... this average -- the average wanders -- called the baseline wander. • If there are clock drifts between the sender and receiver, this cannot be detected -- how many bits were transmitted ? ...
Hardware random number generator
In computing, a hardware random number generator (TRNG, True Random Number Generator) is an apparatus that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than a computer program. Such devices are often based on microscopic phenomena that generate low-level, statistically random ""noise"" signals, such as thermal noise, the photoelectric effect, and other quantum phenomena. These processes are, in theory, completely unpredictable, and the theory's assertions of unpredictability are subject to experimental test. A hardware random number generator typically consists of a transducer to convert some aspect of the physical phenomena to an electrical signal, an amplifier and other electronic circuitry to increase the amplitude of the random fluctuations to a measurable level, and some type of analog to digital converter to convert the output into a digital number, often a simple binary digit 0 or 1. By repeatedly sampling the randomly varying signal, a series of random numbers is obtained. The main application for electronic hardware random number generators is in cryptography, where they are used to generate random cryptographic keys to transmit data securely. They are widely used in Internet encryption protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).Random number generators can also be built from ""random"" macroscopic processes, using devices such as coin flipping, dice, roulette wheels and lottery machines. The presence of unpredictability in these phenomena can be justified by the theory of unstable dynamical systems and chaos theory. Even though macroscopic processes are deterministic under Newtonian mechanics, the output of a well-designed device like a roulette wheel cannot be predicted in practice, because it depends on the sensitive, micro-details of the initial conditions of each use. Although dice have been mostly used in gambling, and in more recent times as ""randomizing"" elements in games (e.g. role playing games), the Victorian scientist Francis Galton described a way to use dice to explicitly generate random numbers for scientific purposes in 1890.Hardware random number generators generally produce a limited number of random bits per second. In order to increase the data rate, they are often used to generate the ""seed"" for a faster Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator, which then generates the pseudorandom output sequence.