A103 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... caudally, medial part of nucleus overlies rostral portion of substantia nigra. ...
... caudally, medial part of nucleus overlies rostral portion of substantia nigra. ...
Brain
... Electro-chemical messages AP occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon AP caused by an exchange of Sodium and Potassium ions across the neural membrane ...
... Electro-chemical messages AP occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon AP caused by an exchange of Sodium and Potassium ions across the neural membrane ...
File
... • The positive charge carried by the Na+ spreads as a wave of depolarization through the cytoplasm (much like the ripples created by a stone tossed into a pond). • If the initial amplitude of the GP is sufficient, it will spread all the way to the axon hillock where Voltage-gated Na channels are pre ...
... • The positive charge carried by the Na+ spreads as a wave of depolarization through the cytoplasm (much like the ripples created by a stone tossed into a pond). • If the initial amplitude of the GP is sufficient, it will spread all the way to the axon hillock where Voltage-gated Na channels are pre ...
Slide 1
... threshold stimulus (-55mV). Once the adjacent region reaches threshold stimulus, it triggers another action potential. The second action potential causes depolarization in its adjacent region, triggering yet another action potential. This sequence continues all the way to the end of the axon at full ...
... threshold stimulus (-55mV). Once the adjacent region reaches threshold stimulus, it triggers another action potential. The second action potential causes depolarization in its adjacent region, triggering yet another action potential. This sequence continues all the way to the end of the axon at full ...
Chapter 17-Pathways and Integrative Functions
... • Communication of CNS with body structures through pathways • Tracts = groups or bundles of axons that travel together in CNS • Nucleus = collection of neuron cell bodies within CNS • Somatotropy = correspondence between body area of receptors and functional areas in cerebral cortex ...
... • Communication of CNS with body structures through pathways • Tracts = groups or bundles of axons that travel together in CNS • Nucleus = collection of neuron cell bodies within CNS • Somatotropy = correspondence between body area of receptors and functional areas in cerebral cortex ...
Transformation from temporal to rate coding in a somatosensory
... of 5 and 8 Hz (both of which are within the whisking frequency range12), brainstem and lemniscal latencies were also essentially constant (Fig. 2, centre PSTHs and right insets), in agreement with other ®ndings10. However, steady-state latencies of the paralemniscal pathway increased with increasing ...
... of 5 and 8 Hz (both of which are within the whisking frequency range12), brainstem and lemniscal latencies were also essentially constant (Fig. 2, centre PSTHs and right insets), in agreement with other ®ndings10. However, steady-state latencies of the paralemniscal pathway increased with increasing ...
Testing upper motor neuron function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... range in controls and in patients with progressive muscle atrophy or primary lateral sclerosis. In summary, significant beta-band coherence was observed in all control subjects and all patients with progressive muscular atrophy tested, but not in those with primary lateral sclerosis. The authors con ...
... range in controls and in patients with progressive muscle atrophy or primary lateral sclerosis. In summary, significant beta-band coherence was observed in all control subjects and all patients with progressive muscular atrophy tested, but not in those with primary lateral sclerosis. The authors con ...
Competitive Dynamics in Cortical Responses to Visual Stimuli
... currents I1 ⫽ 2.5 to E1 and I2 ⫽ 2.5 to E2 and applied white-noise inputs to the inhibitory pools. We then examined the impact on network behavior of varying the strength of the inhibitory parameter Jei, which represented the strength of inhibition exerted by inhibitory neurons on their excitatory t ...
... currents I1 ⫽ 2.5 to E1 and I2 ⫽ 2.5 to E2 and applied white-noise inputs to the inhibitory pools. We then examined the impact on network behavior of varying the strength of the inhibitory parameter Jei, which represented the strength of inhibition exerted by inhibitory neurons on their excitatory t ...
PDF file
... architecture that integrates three types of neurotransmitters, 5-HT, DA and Ach with Ach for increased attention efforts. Dealing with time in frame precision, that is at the rate that the simulation updates, is an unsolved problem. For example, in their Darwin V simulation [1], [22], behaviors are ...
... architecture that integrates three types of neurotransmitters, 5-HT, DA and Ach with Ach for increased attention efforts. Dealing with time in frame precision, that is at the rate that the simulation updates, is an unsolved problem. For example, in their Darwin V simulation [1], [22], behaviors are ...
Pain
... peripherally at the nociceptor, in the spinal cord, or in supraspinal structures. This modulation can either inhibit or facilitate pain. ...
... peripherally at the nociceptor, in the spinal cord, or in supraspinal structures. This modulation can either inhibit or facilitate pain. ...
Phase IIB / PHGY 825 Organization of the Brain Stem Organization
... important for coordinating a variety of stereotyped behaviors related to the visceral functions of the vagus nerve: • Gastrointestinal responses ...
... important for coordinating a variety of stereotyped behaviors related to the visceral functions of the vagus nerve: • Gastrointestinal responses ...
The (un)coupling between action execution and
... PTNs themselves: not only is the majority of facilitation mirror neurons half as active for action observation as for action execution, but at least one third of mirror neurons in M1 (referred to as suppression mirror neurons) reverse their activity pattern during observation. As a result, M1 output ...
... PTNs themselves: not only is the majority of facilitation mirror neurons half as active for action observation as for action execution, but at least one third of mirror neurons in M1 (referred to as suppression mirror neurons) reverse their activity pattern during observation. As a result, M1 output ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
... the ventral midbrain. Note also that our use of the term ‘event’ refers exclusively to visual stimuli with a phasic onset, as again, to our knowledge, there are no reports indicating that perception of a salient static visual feature can elicit a phasic DA response. Recent analyses of cortical visua ...
... the ventral midbrain. Note also that our use of the term ‘event’ refers exclusively to visual stimuli with a phasic onset, as again, to our knowledge, there are no reports indicating that perception of a salient static visual feature can elicit a phasic DA response. Recent analyses of cortical visua ...
Cerebellar Control of Defense Reactions under Orexin
... defense reactions, which are composed of complex motor activities for fight or flight behavior and associated cardiovascular responses [16–18]. The major defense area is located over the perifornical region of the hypothalamus, which is the sole source of orexinergic neurons. The close relationship ...
... defense reactions, which are composed of complex motor activities for fight or flight behavior and associated cardiovascular responses [16–18]. The major defense area is located over the perifornical region of the hypothalamus, which is the sole source of orexinergic neurons. The close relationship ...
Supplemental Text Box 1 The Neurobiology of Arousal The defense
... and a move away from homeostasis. The most important changes are autonomic and are mediated by an increase in sympathetic outflow. Heart rate goes up, and vascular resistance increases in the gut, muscles, and skin, raising perfusion pressure and blood flow to the brain and the heart. Increased bloo ...
... and a move away from homeostasis. The most important changes are autonomic and are mediated by an increase in sympathetic outflow. Heart rate goes up, and vascular resistance increases in the gut, muscles, and skin, raising perfusion pressure and blood flow to the brain and the heart. Increased bloo ...
moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E
... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
stretch reflexes
... – Secondary sensory endings • Type II fibers • Associated with the ends of the nuclear chain fiber ...
... – Secondary sensory endings • Type II fibers • Associated with the ends of the nuclear chain fiber ...
THE PHYSICAL BASIS FUNCTION OF NEURONAL
... ~erformance of many individual cells. Perhaps the most tmportant cells for producing this coordination are nerve cells, called neurons, which communicate information using a combination of electrical and chemical signals. The membranes of most neurons are electrically excitable; that is, signals are ...
... ~erformance of many individual cells. Perhaps the most tmportant cells for producing this coordination are nerve cells, called neurons, which communicate information using a combination of electrical and chemical signals. The membranes of most neurons are electrically excitable; that is, signals are ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 35.1 Functional organization of the
... input that adjusts airway caliber (and hence the resistance to airflow) over the course of each respiratory cycle. The levels of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) are sensed by chemoreceptors located in the brain and major arteries. If a low PO2 or elevated PCO2 is detected, there is an increas ...
... input that adjusts airway caliber (and hence the resistance to airflow) over the course of each respiratory cycle. The levels of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) are sensed by chemoreceptors located in the brain and major arteries. If a low PO2 or elevated PCO2 is detected, there is an increas ...
Bi150 (2005)
... •The nose can detect and (in principle) classify thousands of different compounds. •The ‘mapping’ of these compounds probably occurs by matching to memory templates stored in the brain • A smell is categorized based on one’s previous experiences of it and on the other sensory stimuli correlated with ...
... •The nose can detect and (in principle) classify thousands of different compounds. •The ‘mapping’ of these compounds probably occurs by matching to memory templates stored in the brain • A smell is categorized based on one’s previous experiences of it and on the other sensory stimuli correlated with ...
f19c623c99fc721
... -Patients complain of stiffness & inability to relax -Muscles become permanently "tight" or spastic. When there is a loss of descending inhibition from the brain to ...
... -Patients complain of stiffness & inability to relax -Muscles become permanently "tight" or spastic. When there is a loss of descending inhibition from the brain to ...
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... GABA, have actions that are largely consistent. Glutamate acts on several different types of receptors, but most of them have effects that are excitatory. Similarly GABA acts on several different types of receptors, but all of them have effects (in adult animals, at least) that are inhibitory. Becau ...
... GABA, have actions that are largely consistent. Glutamate acts on several different types of receptors, but most of them have effects that are excitatory. Similarly GABA acts on several different types of receptors, but all of them have effects (in adult animals, at least) that are inhibitory. Becau ...
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I
... Name the two major neuropeptides in the CNS, discuss why (when) they are released and their effect in the brain and/or spinal cord. ...
... Name the two major neuropeptides in the CNS, discuss why (when) they are released and their effect in the brain and/or spinal cord. ...
Five Essential Components to the Reflex Arc
... neurons, the muscle contracts, and you take your hand off the stove before your brain even knows it. This is an example of a withdrawal reflex. • Simple reflex behavior involves three neurons, and no brain involvement. Reflexes are automatic events. They involve both motor and sensory neurons, they ...
... neurons, the muscle contracts, and you take your hand off the stove before your brain even knows it. This is an example of a withdrawal reflex. • Simple reflex behavior involves three neurons, and no brain involvement. Reflexes are automatic events. They involve both motor and sensory neurons, they ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.