3 state neurons for contextual processing
... We have presented a biophysical model for two-state fluctuations that is strongly supported by data. One concern might be that most observations of 2-state fluctuations in vivo have been when the animal is anesthetized, implying that this kind of neuronal dynamics is an artifact of the anesthetized ...
... We have presented a biophysical model for two-state fluctuations that is strongly supported by data. One concern might be that most observations of 2-state fluctuations in vivo have been when the animal is anesthetized, implying that this kind of neuronal dynamics is an artifact of the anesthetized ...
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second
... To test whether PE has a postsynaptic effect and changes currentvoltage (I-V) relationships of second-order peripheral chemoreceptor neurons, a voltage-step protocol was performed in the presence of 1 M TTX, 30 M BIC, 50 M DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5), and 10 M CNQX. Membrane pote ...
... To test whether PE has a postsynaptic effect and changes currentvoltage (I-V) relationships of second-order peripheral chemoreceptor neurons, a voltage-step protocol was performed in the presence of 1 M TTX, 30 M BIC, 50 M DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5), and 10 M CNQX. Membrane pote ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni
... Figure 1. Schematic Drawing of the Visually Guided Reach Paradigm B Performed by the Monkey (A) Spatial arrangement of the reach task. The typical sequence in the reach paradigm was as follows: (1) Fixation + Cue phase (F+C): the animal placed his hand at the start position and fixated on a blue spo ...
... Figure 1. Schematic Drawing of the Visually Guided Reach Paradigm B Performed by the Monkey (A) Spatial arrangement of the reach task. The typical sequence in the reach paradigm was as follows: (1) Fixation + Cue phase (F+C): the animal placed his hand at the start position and fixated on a blue spo ...
Developmental regulation of Medium Spiny Neuron dendritic
... • Dendrites “sum-up” synaptic potentials, determining whether there will be an action potential in the axon • Shape and size of the dendritic arbor determines • Number of synapses • position of synapses with respect to the soma • May also affect the probability of being “found” by an axon durin ...
... • Dendrites “sum-up” synaptic potentials, determining whether there will be an action potential in the axon • Shape and size of the dendritic arbor determines • Number of synapses • position of synapses with respect to the soma • May also affect the probability of being “found” by an axon durin ...
The neural milieu of the developing choroid plexus: neural stem
... The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid and plays an important role in brain homeostasis both pre and postnatally. In vitro studies have suggested that cells from adult choroid plexus have stem/progenitor cell-like properties. Our initial aim was to investigate whether such a cell population ...
... The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid and plays an important role in brain homeostasis both pre and postnatally. In vitro studies have suggested that cells from adult choroid plexus have stem/progenitor cell-like properties. Our initial aim was to investigate whether such a cell population ...
![[j26]Chapter 9#](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009372212_1-45723eed01d76cad9811e1514890dc2a-300x300.png)
[j26]Chapter 9#
... This is the third chapter of the four-chapter unit on the nervous system and is entirely devoted to the subconscious or involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. Neurons of the autonomic nervous system are always motor (efferent) and are classified as either sympathetic or p ...
... This is the third chapter of the four-chapter unit on the nervous system and is entirely devoted to the subconscious or involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. Neurons of the autonomic nervous system are always motor (efferent) and are classified as either sympathetic or p ...
Real-time tomography from magnetoencephalography (MEG
... Labile, task relevant responses in one area are co-occurring with other similar responses, some are also task-relevant while others are not. It is then inevitable that averaging and filtering mix together responses that should have been studied separately. The use of different reconstruction methods ...
... Labile, task relevant responses in one area are co-occurring with other similar responses, some are also task-relevant while others are not. It is then inevitable that averaging and filtering mix together responses that should have been studied separately. The use of different reconstruction methods ...
Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during
... structures of the basal ganglia, the striatum influences the activity in the motor thalamus8 as well as superior colliculus9, a structure that has been implicated in driving behavioural choices in two-alternative choice tasks10. Plasticity of corticostriatal connections may enable them to encode the ...
... structures of the basal ganglia, the striatum influences the activity in the motor thalamus8 as well as superior colliculus9, a structure that has been implicated in driving behavioural choices in two-alternative choice tasks10. Plasticity of corticostriatal connections may enable them to encode the ...
Morphology of GABAergic Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of the Cat
... Department of Anatomy, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3405 (D.L.O., G.E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Neurobiology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2097 (J.A.W.); Department of Neuroanatomy, House Ear Insti ...
... Department of Anatomy, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3405 (D.L.O., G.E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Neurobiology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2097 (J.A.W.); Department of Neuroanatomy, House Ear Insti ...
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell
... mouse, and termed epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) to distinguish them from the more primitive mES cells [26, 27]. Reflecting the developmentally more restricted stage of their origin, EpiSCs demonstrated a poor ability to contribute to chimeras and were germline incompetent [27, 28]. Interestingly, the ...
... mouse, and termed epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) to distinguish them from the more primitive mES cells [26, 27]. Reflecting the developmentally more restricted stage of their origin, EpiSCs demonstrated a poor ability to contribute to chimeras and were germline incompetent [27, 28]. Interestingly, the ...
Optical imaging combined with targeted electrical recordings
... Fig. 3. General view of the electrode positioner microdrive. Top: The X /Y positioner stage, with the glass slightly open (left) and fully closed (right). Bottom: Photograph of the positioner microdrive at an angle of 608 on its stand. (A) Transparent sliding window (simple glass/Perspex cover) w ...
... Fig. 3. General view of the electrode positioner microdrive. Top: The X /Y positioner stage, with the glass slightly open (left) and fully closed (right). Bottom: Photograph of the positioner microdrive at an angle of 608 on its stand. (A) Transparent sliding window (simple glass/Perspex cover) w ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... trials were recorded as control data. Starting from the 51st trial, a single electrical pulse was delivered to the primary auditory cortex 500 ms before the onset of the first tone burst. After 250 trials, the ES stopped but the tone bursts were continuously delivered until the ES-evoked changes in ...
... trials were recorded as control data. Starting from the 51st trial, a single electrical pulse was delivered to the primary auditory cortex 500 ms before the onset of the first tone burst. After 250 trials, the ES stopped but the tone bursts were continuously delivered until the ES-evoked changes in ...
The Cl Area of the Brainstem in Tonic and Reflex
... possibly including the adrenergic neurons, directly innervate preganglionk neurons in the spinal cord, and are tonically active and sympathoexdtatory. The excitatory transmitter released into the spinal cord is unknown. The discharge of Cl area neurons is locked to the cardiac cycle and, in turn, le ...
... possibly including the adrenergic neurons, directly innervate preganglionk neurons in the spinal cord, and are tonically active and sympathoexdtatory. The excitatory transmitter released into the spinal cord is unknown. The discharge of Cl area neurons is locked to the cardiac cycle and, in turn, le ...
Aneuploidy and DNA Replication in the Normal Human Brain and
... pixel) and overall integral fluorescence intensity. The relative DNA content of the cells was determined by the integral PI fluorescence values and these data were further analyzed using the cell-cycle software ModfitLT, version 2.0 (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME). The entire parahippocampal gy ...
... pixel) and overall integral fluorescence intensity. The relative DNA content of the cells was determined by the integral PI fluorescence values and these data were further analyzed using the cell-cycle software ModfitLT, version 2.0 (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME). The entire parahippocampal gy ...
Communication as an emergent metaphor for neuronal operation
... The revival of the connectionism in the mid-eighties featured increased interest in analysing the properties of such networks [3], as well as in applying them to numerous practical problems [4]. At the same time the same devices were proposed as models of cognition capable of explaining both higher ...
... The revival of the connectionism in the mid-eighties featured increased interest in analysing the properties of such networks [3], as well as in applying them to numerous practical problems [4]. At the same time the same devices were proposed as models of cognition capable of explaining both higher ...
Transgenic Targeting of Recombinant Rabies Virus Reveals
... specifically for tight transcriptional control. The resulting construct was cut and gel-purified for pronuclear injection. For the transactivator lines, a plasmid containing the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II ␣ subunit (CK2) promoter driving a codon-optimized tetracycline transactivator (tTA ...
... specifically for tight transcriptional control. The resulting construct was cut and gel-purified for pronuclear injection. For the transactivator lines, a plasmid containing the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II ␣ subunit (CK2) promoter driving a codon-optimized tetracycline transactivator (tTA ...
AP Chemistry
... bridge/porous membrane to maintain electrical neutrality 2. reduction half cell (+ cathode) a. oxidizing agent (|higher| electron affinity) attract electrons from external circuit (wires) b. cations flow toward cathode through salt bridge/ porous membrane to maintain electrical neutrality 3. predict ...
... bridge/porous membrane to maintain electrical neutrality 2. reduction half cell (+ cathode) a. oxidizing agent (|higher| electron affinity) attract electrons from external circuit (wires) b. cations flow toward cathode through salt bridge/ porous membrane to maintain electrical neutrality 3. predict ...
A visual processing task: Retina and V1
... Figure 7.11: Attention increases the neuron’s response. Upper curves are with attention (the neuron fires more), lower curves without attention. Left for area MST (a higher motion area) neurons, right for V4 (higher visual area). From (Treue, 2001). new development is to use ’higher order’ technique ...
... Figure 7.11: Attention increases the neuron’s response. Upper curves are with attention (the neuron fires more), lower curves without attention. Left for area MST (a higher motion area) neurons, right for V4 (higher visual area). From (Treue, 2001). new development is to use ’higher order’ technique ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... and ABL fired differentially depending on whether the subsequent outcome was to be the rewarding sucrose solution or the aversive quinine. This comparison of activity was statistically significant for 74 (or 22%) of 328 neurons sampled in OFC and 44 (or 36%) of 121 neurons sampled in ABL. The activi ...
... and ABL fired differentially depending on whether the subsequent outcome was to be the rewarding sucrose solution or the aversive quinine. This comparison of activity was statistically significant for 74 (or 22%) of 328 neurons sampled in OFC and 44 (or 36%) of 121 neurons sampled in ABL. The activi ...
Review of signal distortion through metal microelectrode recording
... Received 19 September 2007; received in revised form 30 November 2007; accepted 3 December 2007 ...
... Received 19 September 2007; received in revised form 30 November 2007; accepted 3 December 2007 ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... Driven by the success of the initial approach with microbial rhodopsins isolated from several species, large genomic screens for new microbial rhodopsins in all kingdoms of life have led to the discovery of several new variants, which show diverse functional properties such as spectral tuning, ionic ...
... Driven by the success of the initial approach with microbial rhodopsins isolated from several species, large genomic screens for new microbial rhodopsins in all kingdoms of life have led to the discovery of several new variants, which show diverse functional properties such as spectral tuning, ionic ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... described cells with nuclei at the ventricular surface and fibers coursing to the pia that were interpreted as translocating neurons. However, these cells resemble radial glial cells in M-phase of the cell cycle that are now known to retain their radial fibers during division [62,70] and to express ...
... described cells with nuclei at the ventricular surface and fibers coursing to the pia that were interpreted as translocating neurons. However, these cells resemble radial glial cells in M-phase of the cell cycle that are now known to retain their radial fibers during division [62,70] and to express ...
ABSTRACT BOOK CHAMPALIMAUD NEUROSCIENCE
... The vertebrate brain controls a great variety of movements through dedicated networks like those controlling eye movements, expression of emotions, respirations and locomotion. These networks are to a large degree conserved through a vertebrate phylum. The neural mechanisms underlying the control of ...
... The vertebrate brain controls a great variety of movements through dedicated networks like those controlling eye movements, expression of emotions, respirations and locomotion. These networks are to a large degree conserved through a vertebrate phylum. The neural mechanisms underlying the control of ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...