Nervous System
... the cell to another • Neuron function depends on a changeable permeability to ions; an electrical difference exists across the plasma membrane • Membrane potential – voltage measured across a membrane due to differences in electrical charge; inside of cell is negative relative to outside ...
... the cell to another • Neuron function depends on a changeable permeability to ions; an electrical difference exists across the plasma membrane • Membrane potential – voltage measured across a membrane due to differences in electrical charge; inside of cell is negative relative to outside ...
Nerve Cells
... about a nerve axon. The myelin sheath is an outgrowth of neighboring glial (Schwann) cell plasma membrane about the axon that repeatedly wraps itself around the neural extension until all the cytosol between the layers of membrane is forced out. The remaining membrane is the compact myelin sheath. T ...
... about a nerve axon. The myelin sheath is an outgrowth of neighboring glial (Schwann) cell plasma membrane about the axon that repeatedly wraps itself around the neural extension until all the cytosol between the layers of membrane is forced out. The remaining membrane is the compact myelin sheath. T ...
Slide 1
... 1. Neurons are electrically active; They have a resting voltage, and can undergo electrical changes ...
... 1. Neurons are electrically active; They have a resting voltage, and can undergo electrical changes ...
Nerve Physiology
... Neurons all have same basic structure, a cell body with a number of dendrites and one long axon. ...
... Neurons all have same basic structure, a cell body with a number of dendrites and one long axon. ...
SChapter 12
... that is usually caused by neurotransmitters. 5) Response of postsynaptic cell can vary depending on the response of the receptor that was stimulated *see fig. 12-7 for an overview of these important processes* ▪Transmembrane Potential- three important concepts regarding the transmembrane potential: ...
... that is usually caused by neurotransmitters. 5) Response of postsynaptic cell can vary depending on the response of the receptor that was stimulated *see fig. 12-7 for an overview of these important processes* ▪Transmembrane Potential- three important concepts regarding the transmembrane potential: ...
Differential Permeability of the Membrane
... extremely resistant to the passage of Sodium (Na+) ions only slightly resistant to the passage of Potassium (K+) ions and Chloride (Cl-) ions ...
... extremely resistant to the passage of Sodium (Na+) ions only slightly resistant to the passage of Potassium (K+) ions and Chloride (Cl-) ions ...
State Dependant Synaptic Plasticity in Purkinje Cells
... simultaneously activated pf synapses. In a recent study we showed that Purkinje cells (PCs), under in vivo conditions, display bistability of their membrane potential. The bistability is an intrinsic property of the neurons, such that the membrane potential can remain either in a hyperpolarizing qui ...
... simultaneously activated pf synapses. In a recent study we showed that Purkinje cells (PCs), under in vivo conditions, display bistability of their membrane potential. The bistability is an intrinsic property of the neurons, such that the membrane potential can remain either in a hyperpolarizing qui ...
Respiratory and Nervous Systems
... The neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft. The neurotransmitters bind with specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Depolarization occurs on the postsynaptic membrane if threshold is reached. The neurotransmitter is destroyed by an enzyme (ex. acetylcholinesterase) or reabsorbed back in ...
... The neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft. The neurotransmitters bind with specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Depolarization occurs on the postsynaptic membrane if threshold is reached. The neurotransmitter is destroyed by an enzyme (ex. acetylcholinesterase) or reabsorbed back in ...
Name: Date: Period: _____ Unit 9 Textbook Notes: The Nervous
... from the cytosol. Loss of positive charge causes repolarization of the neuron and causes the inside of the cell to again become negative in comparison to the outside of the cell. ...
... from the cytosol. Loss of positive charge causes repolarization of the neuron and causes the inside of the cell to again become negative in comparison to the outside of the cell. ...
Anatomy and Physiology 241 Lecture Objectives The Nervous
... Describe the potassium ion and sodium ion concentrations on either side of a resting neuron cell membrane. Explain how these establish a membrane potential. Explain how sodium ions and potassium ions move across the cell membrane and why different concentrations of these ions are found on opposite s ...
... Describe the potassium ion and sodium ion concentrations on either side of a resting neuron cell membrane. Explain how these establish a membrane potential. Explain how sodium ions and potassium ions move across the cell membrane and why different concentrations of these ions are found on opposite s ...
The Nervous System
... The Nerve Impulse • The membrane of a resting neuron is POLARIZED • This means that there is a different electrical charge on the outside of the membrane as compared to the inside ...
... The Nerve Impulse • The membrane of a resting neuron is POLARIZED • This means that there is a different electrical charge on the outside of the membrane as compared to the inside ...
Sodium – Potassium Pump
... 3. The pump is now exposed to the outside surface of the cell. 2 K+ ions from outside the cell bind to the pump and the pump changes shape again. 4. K+ ions are transported across the cell membrane and are released inside the cell ...
... 3. The pump is now exposed to the outside surface of the cell. 2 K+ ions from outside the cell bind to the pump and the pump changes shape again. 4. K+ ions are transported across the cell membrane and are released inside the cell ...
Impulse Conduction Practice Questions
... 4. Use the following diagram to answer parts (a) and (b). Changes in Membrane Potential ...
... 4. Use the following diagram to answer parts (a) and (b). Changes in Membrane Potential ...
“Electrical Properties of Neuron”
... The Nernst Equation and Equilibrium Potential Potential difference between outside and inside attracts +ve ions in and repels –ve ions out Difference in concentration between inside and outside mean ions diffuse through channels (Na+ and Ca2+ come in while K+ goes out) Define equilibrium poten ...
... The Nernst Equation and Equilibrium Potential Potential difference between outside and inside attracts +ve ions in and repels –ve ions out Difference in concentration between inside and outside mean ions diffuse through channels (Na+ and Ca2+ come in while K+ goes out) Define equilibrium poten ...
Sxn 2 Objectives
... Define concentration gradient, electrical gradient, membrane potential difference, equilibrium potential, depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization. Predict the movement of an ion based on its charge (e.g. negative towards positive) State the membrane potential difference of a cell ...
... Define concentration gradient, electrical gradient, membrane potential difference, equilibrium potential, depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization. Predict the movement of an ion based on its charge (e.g. negative towards positive) State the membrane potential difference of a cell ...
P416 COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
... • For equilibrium potentials of Na+ and K+ in eutherian mammals (Tb = 310 K) Ex = 61 log [Xo]/[Xi] • Equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) = -90 mV • Equilibrium potential for Na+ (ENa) = +60 mV ...
... • For equilibrium potentials of Na+ and K+ in eutherian mammals (Tb = 310 K) Ex = 61 log [Xo]/[Xi] • Equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) = -90 mV • Equilibrium potential for Na+ (ENa) = +60 mV ...
ACTION POTENTIALS
... Na+/K+ pump generates & maintains the ionic gradients of membrane potential 1 turn of pump ...
... Na+/K+ pump generates & maintains the ionic gradients of membrane potential 1 turn of pump ...
Cognitive Psychology
... • There are two types of electrical currents that can pass through a neuron: • Active currents are ones that are caused by explicit chemical activity (opening and closing of ion channels); ex - at the synapse and across the surface of the axon • Passive currents are ones that simply pass through the ...
... • There are two types of electrical currents that can pass through a neuron: • Active currents are ones that are caused by explicit chemical activity (opening and closing of ion channels); ex - at the synapse and across the surface of the axon • Passive currents are ones that simply pass through the ...
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM - Fox Valley Lutheran High School
... from their external environment. Effector: Muscles or glands that bring about a response. Synapse: Points of contact at which impulses are passed from one cell to another. Neurotransmitters: substance used by neurons to signal each other located within tiny vesicles at axon terminals. Impulse moves ...
... from their external environment. Effector: Muscles or glands that bring about a response. Synapse: Points of contact at which impulses are passed from one cell to another. Neurotransmitters: substance used by neurons to signal each other located within tiny vesicles at axon terminals. Impulse moves ...
For electrical signaling
... Equilibrium potentials (The Nernst equation applies when the channels allow only one type of ion to pass through them) Some channels are not so selective, and in this case the potential E is estimated by the Goldman equation Reversal potentials takes a value intermediate between the equilibrium pote ...
... Equilibrium potentials (The Nernst equation applies when the channels allow only one type of ion to pass through them) Some channels are not so selective, and in this case the potential E is estimated by the Goldman equation Reversal potentials takes a value intermediate between the equilibrium pote ...
Q1 (from chapter 1)
... A. Lobotomy causes drastic changes in personality and comportment B. Major motor and sensory pathways cross sides C. Bilateral hippocampectomy causes global aphasia D. In most people the left hemisphere is dominant for language abilities E. Orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for social behavior Q2 ...
... A. Lobotomy causes drastic changes in personality and comportment B. Major motor and sensory pathways cross sides C. Bilateral hippocampectomy causes global aphasia D. In most people the left hemisphere is dominant for language abilities E. Orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for social behavior Q2 ...
Excitable Cells and Action Potentials
... Excitable Cells and Action Potentials Membrane Potentials The cell membrane, also referred as plasmalemma, is where most of the processes responsible for the intracellular communication take place. As we know, all living cells have an electrical gradient across their membranes, where it is possible ...
... Excitable Cells and Action Potentials Membrane Potentials The cell membrane, also referred as plasmalemma, is where most of the processes responsible for the intracellular communication take place. As we know, all living cells have an electrical gradient across their membranes, where it is possible ...
Physio Lab 5 PhysioEx 3
... All cells have a resting membrane potential (RMP). Intracellular fluid is rich in negatively charged proteins that are balanced mainly by positively charge potassium ions. As the cell membrane is permeable or “leaky” to potassium but not to protein, the excess unbalanced negative charge leads to the ...
... All cells have a resting membrane potential (RMP). Intracellular fluid is rich in negatively charged proteins that are balanced mainly by positively charge potassium ions. As the cell membrane is permeable or “leaky” to potassium but not to protein, the excess unbalanced negative charge leads to the ...
solutions
... 1: sense organ: generate electrical response to stimuli (sensor) 2. sensory nerve: transmit signals from sense organ to central nervous system (pathway) 3. central nervous system: collects sensory information and produces action signals in ...
... 1: sense organ: generate electrical response to stimuli (sensor) 2. sensory nerve: transmit signals from sense organ to central nervous system (pathway) 3. central nervous system: collects sensory information and produces action signals in ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).