Feedback — Exam
... Biophysical experiments show that excitatory synapses strengthens/weakens as a function of the timing of prevs. postsynaptic spikes (STDP). Mark the correct sentences. When the pre synaptic cell fires a spike immediately after the post synaptic cell – no change in the synaptic strength When the post ...
... Biophysical experiments show that excitatory synapses strengthens/weakens as a function of the timing of prevs. postsynaptic spikes (STDP). Mark the correct sentences. When the pre synaptic cell fires a spike immediately after the post synaptic cell – no change in the synaptic strength When the post ...
• The neuron is similar to other cells: •Cell body: lipid bilayer
... The CSF contains sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca++), and other ions in solution. The neuronal membrane itself (lipid bilayer) is impermable to the movement of ions. However, ions can cross the membrane by two means... ...
... The CSF contains sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca++), and other ions in solution. The neuronal membrane itself (lipid bilayer) is impermable to the movement of ions. However, ions can cross the membrane by two means... ...
Chapter 24 Nervous Systems
... The reticular formation is a diffuse network of neurons containing over 90 separate clusters of cell bodies, that is present in the brainstem. Acting as a sensory filter. ...
... The reticular formation is a diffuse network of neurons containing over 90 separate clusters of cell bodies, that is present in the brainstem. Acting as a sensory filter. ...
Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide Name
... d. Explain how the relative concentrations (inside versus outside) of sodium and potassium ion are exploited to create an action potential. Be sure to explain how the ions move (which move in which direction) during the depolarization, repolarization, and recover phases. (7 marks) = during depolariz ...
... d. Explain how the relative concentrations (inside versus outside) of sodium and potassium ion are exploited to create an action potential. Be sure to explain how the ions move (which move in which direction) during the depolarization, repolarization, and recover phases. (7 marks) = during depolariz ...
Sound frequency (pitch, tone) measured in hertz (cycles per sec)
... basilar membrane is a traveling wave. When motion of the stapes creates a sound wave in the fluid of the inner ear, each region of the basilar membrane “ripples” in response to this pressure. The part near the base, with its high resonance frequency, moves first --- followed by lower frequency (more ...
... basilar membrane is a traveling wave. When motion of the stapes creates a sound wave in the fluid of the inner ear, each region of the basilar membrane “ripples” in response to this pressure. The part near the base, with its high resonance frequency, moves first --- followed by lower frequency (more ...
section 3 - the nervous system and sensory physiology
... When both recording electrodes are placed in the extracellular environment, the voltage between them is zero because there is no separation of charges between the two electrodes (no difference in potential). When one recording electrode is placed inside a cell and one is outside, a membrane potentia ...
... When both recording electrodes are placed in the extracellular environment, the voltage between them is zero because there is no separation of charges between the two electrodes (no difference in potential). When one recording electrode is placed inside a cell and one is outside, a membrane potentia ...
SECTION 3 - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY
... When both recording electrodes are placed in the extracellular environment, the voltage between them is zero because there is no separation of charges between the two electrodes (no difference in potential). When one recording electrode is placed inside a cell and one is outside, a membrane potentia ...
... When both recording electrodes are placed in the extracellular environment, the voltage between them is zero because there is no separation of charges between the two electrodes (no difference in potential). When one recording electrode is placed inside a cell and one is outside, a membrane potentia ...
here - CSE IITK
... How a Cell Maintains a Membrane Potential? • Cations • K+ is the principal intracellular cation. • Na+ is the principal extracellular cation. • Anions • Proteins, amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate are the principal intracellular anions. • Cl– is the principal extracellular anion. ...
... How a Cell Maintains a Membrane Potential? • Cations • K+ is the principal intracellular cation. • Na+ is the principal extracellular cation. • Anions • Proteins, amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate are the principal intracellular anions. • Cl– is the principal extracellular anion. ...
Lecture 4: Connective tissues
... Temperature variations (hot or cold) 5) Briefly describe the main mechanisms by which solutes exchange across cell membranes. For each mechanism give an example solute and state whether this is an active or passive process. ...
... Temperature variations (hot or cold) 5) Briefly describe the main mechanisms by which solutes exchange across cell membranes. For each mechanism give an example solute and state whether this is an active or passive process. ...
Neurons and Neurotransmission
... other cells in the body. These chemicals are released from the end of one neuron and cross the synapse to receptor sites in the next ...
... other cells in the body. These chemicals are released from the end of one neuron and cross the synapse to receptor sites in the next ...
Neurons_and_Neurotranmission
... other cells in the body. These chemicals are released from the end of one neuron and cross the synapse to receptor sites in the next ...
... other cells in the body. These chemicals are released from the end of one neuron and cross the synapse to receptor sites in the next ...
Cell Review ppt with Anwwers
... 29. Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion based on the chart below. Facilitated diffusion and active transport both require proteins to work, but active transport requires energy (low to high concentration— against the concentration gradient) and facilitated diffusion doesn’t require e ...
... 29. Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion based on the chart below. Facilitated diffusion and active transport both require proteins to work, but active transport requires energy (low to high concentration— against the concentration gradient) and facilitated diffusion doesn’t require e ...
Nervous System
... There is lots of sodium and potassium around the neuron. In reality, there is a proton pump that will transport _______________ into the neuron and ______________ out of the neuron. There are also channels that will allow certain ions to diffuse back across the membrane of the neuron. ______ ...
... There is lots of sodium and potassium around the neuron. In reality, there is a proton pump that will transport _______________ into the neuron and ______________ out of the neuron. There are also channels that will allow certain ions to diffuse back across the membrane of the neuron. ______ ...
Chapter 11 Outline - CM
... Myelin Sheath – composed of repeating layers of plasma membrane of Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte in PNS and CNS respectively (Figures 11.8, 11.9): Myelination – process that forms myelin sheath from plasma membranes of neuroglial cells; wrap themselves around axon forming multiple layers of memb ...
... Myelin Sheath – composed of repeating layers of plasma membrane of Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte in PNS and CNS respectively (Figures 11.8, 11.9): Myelination – process that forms myelin sheath from plasma membranes of neuroglial cells; wrap themselves around axon forming multiple layers of memb ...
Area of Study 2: Detecting and Responding
... Rational drug design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule which activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to ...
... Rational drug design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule which activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to ...
the nervous system
... Graded Potentials, Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission b. Compare Graded Potentials (at receptors and receptive areas of neurons) and Action Potentials (in axons). ...
... Graded Potentials, Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission b. Compare Graded Potentials (at receptors and receptive areas of neurons) and Action Potentials (in axons). ...
Chapter 48 – Nervous Systems
... In fact, in the final phase of an action potential, called the undershoot, the membrane’s permeability to K+ is higher than at rest, so the membrane potential is closer to EK than it is at the resting potential. ...
... In fact, in the final phase of an action potential, called the undershoot, the membrane’s permeability to K+ is higher than at rest, so the membrane potential is closer to EK than it is at the resting potential. ...
Integrated nutrient management in mango
... in large number of physiological process. High uptake of potassium in plants is mediated through an active uptake mechanism. ...
... in large number of physiological process. High uptake of potassium in plants is mediated through an active uptake mechanism. ...
Nervous System Notes
... knob, causing release of calcium ions to diffuse into the knob Increased calcium concentrations trigger the release of neurotransmitters via exocytosis Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor molecules causing ion channels to open This causes postsynaptic poten ...
... knob, causing release of calcium ions to diffuse into the knob Increased calcium concentrations trigger the release of neurotransmitters via exocytosis Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor molecules causing ion channels to open This causes postsynaptic poten ...
membrane potential
... Ion channels are selectively permeable, allowing only certain ions to pass through A resting neuron has many open potassium channels, allowing K to flow out The resulting buildup of negative charge within the neuron is the major source of membrane potential ...
... Ion channels are selectively permeable, allowing only certain ions to pass through A resting neuron has many open potassium channels, allowing K to flow out The resulting buildup of negative charge within the neuron is the major source of membrane potential ...
Neurobiomechanical Influences on Nerve Conduction
... fisherman will use a strain gauge to measure the weight of a caught fish. The results of the above imposed stretch (displayed as relative strain) are displayed on the next slide, the stretch was imposed for 60 minutes then released. Continuous monitoring of nerve conduction was undertaken simultaneo ...
... fisherman will use a strain gauge to measure the weight of a caught fish. The results of the above imposed stretch (displayed as relative strain) are displayed on the next slide, the stretch was imposed for 60 minutes then released. Continuous monitoring of nerve conduction was undertaken simultaneo ...
Synaptic transmission
... presynaptic terminals. Instead, they are synthesized as integral parts of large-protein molecules by ribosomes in the neuronal cell body. • They then enter the ER, and then Golgi apparatus( where two changes take place----- as a result of which the vesicles are transported all the way to the tip of ...
... presynaptic terminals. Instead, they are synthesized as integral parts of large-protein molecules by ribosomes in the neuronal cell body. • They then enter the ER, and then Golgi apparatus( where two changes take place----- as a result of which the vesicles are transported all the way to the tip of ...
Lecture Outline ()
... for producing electrical potentials & currents – electrical potential - difference in concentration of charged particles between different parts of the cell – electrical current - flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell ...
... for producing electrical potentials & currents – electrical potential - difference in concentration of charged particles between different parts of the cell – electrical current - flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).